Modern Acoustical Techniques for the Measurement of Mechanical Properties (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Volumes in Series 14
Preface 18
Conversion Factors 22
Chapter 1. Introduction to Fundamentals of Elastic Constants 24
1.1 Introduction 24
1.2 Generalized Hooke’s Law 25
1.3 Crystal Structures 29
1.4 Reduced Elastic Constant Matrices 33
1.5 Equations of Motion and Plane Waves in an Infinite Solid 37
1.6 Absorption 50
1.7 Group Velocity 54
1.8 Phenomenological Relations between Phase Velocity and Attenuation 56
1.9 Units 58
References 58
Chapter 2. Point-Source/Point-Receiver Methods 60
2.1 Introduction 60
2.2 Dynamic Green’s Functions: Formal Solutions 61
2.3 Response to a Periodic Force: Numerical Implementation and Comparison with Experiment 64
2.4 Time Domain Response: Numerical Implementation and Comparison with Experiment 70
2.5 Surface Response 81
2.6 Plate Modes 83
2.7 Conclusions 84
References 85
Chapter 3. Laser-Based Surface Acoustic Waves in Materials Science 88
3.1 Introduction 88
3.2 Experimental 94
3.3 SAWs in Anisotropic Solids 113
3.4 SAWs in Dispersive Media 123
3.5 Nonlinear SAWs 142
References 153
Chapter 4. Quantitative Acoustic Microscopy 158
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Basic Principles of Quantitative Acoustic Microscopy 160
4.3 Elastic Properties of Anisotropic Layered Media by Acoustic Microscopy 178
4.4 Acoustic Microscopy of Isotropic Layered Media 183
4.5 Acoustic Microscopy of Anisotropic Solids 191
4.6 Nonplanar Surfaces 199
4.7 Comparison with Other Techniques 202
References 203
Chapter 5. Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) 212
5.1 Introduction 212
5.2 Motivation for the Use of Resonances to Study Elastic Moduli 212
5.3 Measurements 216
5.4 Computation of Resonances and Data Analysis 227
5.5 Examples of Applications of RUS 235
References 242
Chapter 6. Elastic Properties and Thermodynamics 244
6.1 Introduction 244
6.2 Vibrational Modes, Phonons, and Elastic Moduli 244
6.3 Phase Stability of Pu at Higher Temperatures 248
6.4 Elastic Moduli and Local Modes 251
6.5 Local Modes in Filled Skutterudites 253
6.6 Summary 257
References 258
Chapter 7. Speed of Sound as a Thermodynamic Property of Fluids 260
7.1 Introduction 260
7.2 Wave Equation in a Fluid 261
7.3 Equations of State for Fluids 268
7.4 Speed of Sound in Fluids 277
7.5 Conclusions 287
7.6 Tables of the Speed of Sound in Important Fluids 289
Additional Reading 328
References 328
Chapter 8. Noninvasive Determination of Sound Speed in Liquids 330
8.1 Introduction 330
8.2 Theory 332
8.3 Experimental 343
8.4 Results and Discussion 346
8.5 Conclusions 348
Appendix 351
References 354
Chapter 9. Introduction to the Elastic Constants of Gases 358
9.1 Introduction 358
9.2 Ideal Gas 359
9.3 Real Gas Corrections 361
9.4 Contribution of Transport Processes on Speed of Sound 362
9.5 Changes in Elastic Properties Due to Relaxation Processes 365
9.6 Measurements at Moderate Pressures 371
9.7 Typical Results 374
9.8 Diffusion 386
9.9 Gases at Low Pressure 387
9.10 Systems Not in Equilibrium 395
9.11 Summary 396
References 396
Chapter 10. Acoustic Measurements in Gases 400
10.1 Introduction and Scope 400
10.2 Acoustic Measurements and Thermodynamic Properties of Dilute Gases 402
10.3 Measuring the Speed of Sound 407
10.4 Resonance Measurements of Transport Properties 414
10.5 Acoustic Thermometry 422
10.6 Acoustic Determination of the Universal Gas Constant R 427
10.7 Concluding Remarks 429
10.8 Preface to Tables 430
References 449
Index 452