Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 6
Chapter 1. Basic principles 18
I. Historical 18
II. The ability of free atoms to absorb 18
III. Quantitative measurements 26
IV. Background correction 27
V. Available lines 29
References 31
Chapter 2. Instrumental requirements and optimisation 32
I. Introduction 32
II. The components of the spectrometer 33
Chapter 3. Practical techniques 54
I. Introduction 54
II. Sample requirements and general preparation techniques 54
III. The use of perchloric acid for sample digestion. 57
IV. Calibration 61
V. Methods of concentration 68
VI. Interferences in atomic absorption analysis 69
VII. Electrothermal atomisation, ETA 72
VIII. Atomic emission spectrometry 83
Chapter 4a. Water and effluents 84
I. Introduction 84
II. Sampling and storage 86
III. Analysis 87
IV. Flameless atomic absorption 103
References 110
Chapter 4b. Marine analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry 112
I. Introduction 112
II. Seawater 113
III. Marine organisms 131
IV. Sediment 135
V. Conclusion 136
References 136
Chapter 4c. Analysis of airborne particles in the workplace and ambient atmospheres 140
I. Introduction 140
II. Applications 141
III. General methods 143
IV. Ambient air 151
V. Workplace atmospheres 151
VI. Conclusions 154
References 154
Chapter 4d. Application of atomic absorption spectrometry to the analysis of foodstuffs 156
I. Introduction 156
II. Sampling and preparation of analytical samples 160
III. Sample treatment 169
IV. Recommended analytical procedures 172
References 218
Chapter 4e. Applications of atomic absorption spectrometry in ferrous metallurgy 228
I. Introduction 228
II. Analysis of iron, steel and alloys 231
III. Analysis of ores, slags and other oxides 246
IV. Special AAS methods 253
V. Calibration techniques 259
References 263
Chapter 4f. The analysis of non-ferrous metals by atomic absorption spectrometry 268
I. Introduction 268
II. Determination of impurities in alloys based on various non-ferrous metals 268
III. Electrothermal techniques 274
References 276
Chapter 4g. Atomic absorption methods in applied geochemistry 278
I. Introduction 278
II. General aspects of sample preparation methods 282
III. Sample attack methods 287
References 301
Chapter 4h. Applications of atomic absorption spectrometry in the petroleum industry 302
I. Introduction 302
II. Sampling 303
III. Standards for petroleum analysis 305
IV. Applications 307
References 323
Chapter 4i. Methods for the analysis of glasses and ceramics by atomic spectrometry 324
I. Introduction 324
II. Apparatus 324
III. Chemicals 325
IV. Reagent solutions 325
V. Standards 326
VI. Sample preparation 329
VII. Determination of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb by AES or AAS 330
VIII. Determination of silicon by AAS 334
IX. Determination of boron by AES 335
References 336
Chapter 4j. Clinical applications of flame techniques 338
I. Introduction 338
II. Sample collection 339
III. Analysis 341
IV. Individual elements 344
References 355
Chapter 4k. Elemental analysis of body fluids and tissues by electro-thermal atomisation and atomic absorption spectrometry 358
I. Introduction 358
II. Electrothermal atomisation for atomic absorption 358
III. Sample preparation for electrothermal atomisation—AAS 363
IV. Essential trace elements 368
V. Trace metals used therapeutically 379
VI. Non–essential, toxic trace elements 384
VII. Conclusion 393
References 394
Chapter 4l. Forensic science 398
I. Introduction 398
II. Biological material and poisoning 399
III. Toxic elements 401
IV. Gunshot residue analysis 407
References 411
Chapter 4m. Fine, industrial and other chemicals 412
I. Introduction 412
II. Chemicals 412
III. Photographic film and chemicals 428
IV. Catalysts 429
V. Semi-conductors 430
VI. Electroplating solutions 431
VII. Cosmetics, detergents and household products 433
VIII. Pharmaceutical products and drugs 434
IX. Fungicides 441
X. Paints and pigments 441
XI. Paper and pulp 444
XII. Textiles, fibres and leather 445
XIII. Polymers and rubber 447
XIV. Nuclear industry 449
XV. Waste materials 450
XVI. Archaeology 451
XVII. Gases 454
XVIII. Isotopes 455
References 457
Index 464