Hormones and their Actions, Part 2 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Hormones and their Actions Part II 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
List of contributors 6
Chapter 1. G proteins and transmembrane signalling 18
1. Introduction 18
2. The G proteins identified by function and purification 22
3. G proteins detected by ADP-ribosylation 34
4. G protein structure by cloning 37
5. G protein mediation of receptor regulation of ion channels 50
6. Concluding remarks 54
Acknowledgements 56
References 56
Chapter 2. lnositol phospholipids and cellular signalling 64
1. Introduction 64
2. Inositol phospholipids 65
3. Role of GTP-binding proteins in receptor-response coupling 67
4. Products of phosphatidylinositol 4.5-bisphosphate hydrolysis and their roles as second messengers in the cell 69
5. Metabolism of the hydrolysis products of PtdIns 4.5.P2 71
6. Fertilisation, proliferation and oncogenes 73
7. Release of arachidonic acid 76
8. Summary 77
References 78
Chapter 3. The role of calcium binding proteins in signal transduction 80
1. Introduction 80
2. The calcium transient 82
3. Calcium binding proteins and signal transduction 84
4. Calcium binding proteins: structure and function 86
5. Calcium binding proteins and cellular function 97
References 106
Chapter 4. Mechanism of action of Ca2+-dependent hormones 110
1. Introduction 110
2. Cellular calcium metabolism 111
3. Mechanisms of Ca2+ messenger generation 116
4. Messenger calcium 116
5. Synarchic regulation 123
6. Integration of extracellular messenger inputs 126
References 127
Chapter 5. Mechanism of action of pituitary hormone releasing and inhibiting factors 130
1. The adenylate cyclase-cAMP system 131
2. The Ca2+ messenger system 135
3. The inositol polyphosphate-diacylglycerol-protein kinase C system 140
4. Arachidonic acid derivatives 143
5. Concluding remarks 147
References 147
Chapter 6. Mechanism of gonadotropin releasing hormone action 152
1. Introduction 152
2. Structure of GnRH 152
3. The biochemical properties of the GnRH receptor 154
4. Localization o f the GnRH receptor 155
5. Role of receptor microaggregation 156
6. Relationships between GnRH receptor number and cellular response 158
7. Second messenger systems 159
8. Calcium as a second messenger. 160
9. Phospholipids 162
10. Diacylglycerols 163
11. GTP binding proteins 164
12. Protein kinase C 164
13. Conclusion 165
Acknowledgement 167
References 167
Chapter 7. The mechanisms of action of luteinizing hormone . I. Luteinizing hormone-receptor interactions 172
1. Introduction 172
2. The structure of LH 173
3. The LH receptor 174
References 178
Chapter 8. The mechanisms of action of luteinizing hormone . II. Transducing systems and biological effects 180
1. LH receptor transducing systems 180
2. Steroidogenesis 183
3. Desensitization and down regulation 188
4. Other effects of LH 190
5. LH action on gonadal cells in perspective 192
References 195
Chapter 9. Mechanism of action of FSH in the ovary 198
1. Introduction 198
2. Biochemistry of FSH 198
3. FSH receptors in target cells 199
4. Activation of the protein kinase A pathway 201
5. FSH induction of granulosa cell differentiation 202
6. FSH stimulation of steroidogenic enzymes 203
7. FSH stimulation of inhibin biosynthesis 205
8. FSH stimulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator 206
9. Conclusion 207
References 207
Chapter 10. The mechanism of ACTH in the adrenal cortex 210
1. ACTH and the cyclic AMP intracellular messenger system 210
2. Interaction of the ACTH/cyclic AMP system with other hormones and intracellular messengers 220
References 226
Chapter 11. Mechanism of action of angiotensin II 228
I. Introduction 228
2. All receptors 229
3. Receptor-guanine nucleotide interactions 231
4. Transducing enzyme activation 231
5. AII-induced changes in calcium metabolism 236
6. Integration of signals and cellular response 239
References 245
Chapter 12. Mechanisms of action of glucagon 248
1. Introduction 248
2. The glucagon receptor 249
3. Guanine nucleotide binding regulatory protein 250
4. Adenylate cyclase catalytic subunit 252
5. cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase 253
6. Substrates of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in liver 256
7. Effects of glucagon on cell calcium 262
8. Synergistic interaction between glucagon and calcium-mobilizing agonists in liver 267
9. Inhibitory action of phorbol esters on glucagon-induced calcium mobilization 269
10. Other actions of glucagon 269
11. Summary 273
References 276
Chapter 13. Mechanism of action of growth hormone 282
1. The growth hormone-prolactin family 282
2. Growth hormone and the control of somatic growth 283
3. Receptors for growth hormone 284
4. Somatomedins/IGFs and the actions of growth hormone 290
5. Actions of growth hormone on production of other specific proteins 295
6. Actions of growth hormone on protein metabolism 296
7. Actions of growth hormone on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism 297
8. Actions of growth hormone on cellular differentiation and proliferation 299
9. Growth hormone and the control of lactation 300
10. Applications of molecular biology to the study of the actions of growth hormone 300
11. Potentiation of the actions of growth hormone by monoclonal antibodies 301
12. Growth hormone variants 303
13. Conclusions 305
14. Addendum 306
Acknowledgements 307
References 307
Chapter 14. Mechanism of action of prolactin 312
1. Lactogenic hormones 312
2. The biological actions of prolactin 314
3. Receptors for prolactin 316
4. Biochemical mode of action of prolactin on the mammary gland 321
5. Actions of prolactin on the pigeon crop sac 326
6. Actions of prolactin on the immune system 328
7. Variants of prolactin 331
8. Prolactin and mammary cancer 332
9. Conclusions 332
References 333
Chapter 15. Structure and function of the receptor for insulin 338
1. Introduction 338
2. Insulin receptor structure 338
3. Cloning of the gene for the insulin receptor 341
4. Insulin receptor internalization 342
5. Insulin's stimulation of glucose transport 345
6. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 346
7. Insulin receptor tyrosyl kinase activity 347
8. Insulin and its action on guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins 353
9. An intracellular 'mediator' of insulin's action 358
10. Concluding remarks 360
Acknowledgements 361
References 362
Chapter 16. A comparison of the structures of single polypeptide chain growth factor receptors that possess protein tyrosine kinase activity 366
1. Introduction 366
2. The EGF receptor and the c-erbB-2 protein 366
3. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor 371
4. Summary 375
References 376
Subject Index 378