Coastal Lagoon Processes (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Coastal Lagoon Processes 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 16
Prologue 8
Contributing authors 12
CHAPTER 1. COASTAL LAGOON PROCESSES 22
Introduction 22
Coastal lagoons 24
A multi-disciplinary synthesis 26
References 28
CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL SETTING AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF COASTAL LAGOONS 30
Introduction 30
Geological background 34
Climatic and hydrological factors 36
Evolution of coastal barriers 40
Lagoon entrances 46
Sedimentation in lagoons 50
Swamp land encroachment 51
Rounding and segmentation 53
Summary and conclusions 55
References 57
CHAPTER 3. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF COASTAL LAGOONS 62
Introduction 62
The origin and evolution of coastal lagoons 63
Sea-level history 63
Shoreface dynamics 68
Tidal range 69
Geological history of coastal lagoons: Brazilian examples 70
Lagoons formed on a low-relief coastal plain during sea-level rise 72
The Jequitinhonha strandplain 74
The Doce strandplain 78
Lagoons formed on a low-relief coastal plain during sea-level drop 81
Lagoons formed on a high-relief coastal plain during sea-level rise 84
Summary 86
References 87
CHAPTER 4. WATER, SALT AND HEAT BALANCES OF COASTAL LAGOONS 90
Introduction 91
Water balance 92
Salt balance 106
Heat balance 112
Concluding remarks 119
References 119
CHAPTER 5. MODELING OF CIRCULATION AND DISPERSION IN COASTAL LAGOONS 124
Introduction 124
Simplified circulation and pollutant transport models for inlet–lagoon systems hydrodynamics 125
Simplified pollutant transport models 135
Two-dimensional vertically averaged models of inlet–lagoon systems hydrodynamics 137
Pollutant transport models 139
Model selection process 140
Model application to assess management strategies 142
Conclusions 146
References 148
CHAPTER 6. MASS BALANCE OF NUTRIENT FLUXES IN COASTAL LAGOONS 154
Introduction 155
Computational model 156
Caveats to the application of this model 159
Considerations in site selection 163
Alternative models for net nonconservative flux analysis 168
Nutrient dynamics in coastal systems 170
References 174
CHAPTER 7. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN COASTAL LAGOONS 178
Introduction 178
Historical development 179
General concepts 183
Sources of sediment 184
Pathways 188
Sinks for sediment 190
Sediment dynamics in tidally-dominated (‘1eaky’) lagoons 193
Basin morphology as a source of time–flow asymmetry 203
Textural patterns 205
Particle modifications 207
Biological modifications 208
Response to sea level change 210
Lagoon equilibrium 212
Global distribution 214
Influence of climate 217
Storm effects 226
Generalizations 228
Future research needs 229
References 230
CHAPTER 8. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF HEAVY METALS IN COASTAL LAGOONS 242
Introduction 242
Sources of heavy metal input to coastal lagoons 243
Fate of heavy metals in coastal lagoons 246
Heavy metal cycling in coastal lagoons 252
Fate of heavy metals in the water column 255
References 258
CHAPTER 9. AQUATIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN COASTAL LAGOONS 264
Introduction 264
The measurement of primary production in coastal lagoons 265
Physical setting and the primary producers 268
Nutrient sources and sinks 277
Nutrient supply by atmosphere and groundwater 278
Riverine input 278
Autochthonous supply 280
Nitrogen fixation 280
Nutrient loss by denitrification 282
Nutrient loss by accumulation in sediments 282
New versus regenerated production 284
Autotrophic versus heterotrophic metabolism 285
Case studies on primary production 285
Phytoplankto based lagoons 286
Macrophyte based lagoons 290
Macroalgal based lagoons 292
Arid choked to leaky lagoons: algal mat based systems 294
Global lagoon primary production 295
References 296
CHAPTER 10. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY IN COASTAL LAGOONS 308
Introduction 308
Zooplankton productivity 310
Nekton productivity 314
Benthic secondary productivity 318
The pelagic–benthic coupling 324
Concluding remarks 325
References 327
CHAPTER 11. MACROFAUNAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES IN COASTAL LAGOONS 332
Nature of lagoonal organisms and communities 332
Processes structuring the macrofaunal communities 335
‘Supply-side ecology’: problems of recruitment and colonization 337
Agents of mortality and their effects 338
Competition 357
Environmental adversity 361
Conclusions 362
Life histories of lagoonal animals 363
Summary 366
References 367
CHAPTER 12. COASTAL LAGOONS AS FISH HABITATS 384
Introduction 384
Which fishes use coastal lagoons? 385
Which features of lagoon–estuarine habitats do fishes actually use? 391
References 394
CHAPTER 13. FISHERIES IN COASTAL LAGOONS 398
Introduction 398
Fisheries catches from coastal lagoons 399
Fish population dynamics and its four factors 400
Management of coastal lagoon fisheries 412
Discussion 416
References 417
CHAPTER 14. AQUACULTURE IN COASTAL LAGOONS 422
Introduction 422
The lagoon as an environment for aquaculture 424
Aquaculture practices in lagoons: some examples 431
Aquaculture in pens 441
Shrimp culture 443
Mollusc culture 445
Seaweeds 452
Socio-economic issues 453
Conclusions 457
References 457
CHAPTER 15. APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO COASTAL LAGOONS 464
Aquaculture 464
The production of high value chemicals 470
Environmental management 479
Waste treatment and environmental remediation 479
Conclusion 480
References 481
CHAPTER 16. COASTAL LAGOON ECOSYSTEM MODELING 492
Introduction 492
Coastal lagoons of southwest Australia 493
Modelling the hydrodynamics of coastal lagoons 498
The addition of chemical and biological processes 510
Lagoon ecosystem models 514
References 523
CHAPTER 17. ENGINEERING PROJECTS IN COASTAL LAGOONS 528
Introduction 528
Water table management of coastal lagoons 529
A case study: Venice Lagoon, Italy 537
Dredging in lagoons 540
A case study: dredging and reclaiming in South Carolina 545
Problems associated with rising relative sea level 547
Water quality problems in coastal lagoons 551
Concluding remarks 553
References 553
CHAPTER 18. MONEY AND ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR COASTAL LAGOON RESOURCES 556
Integration of economy and ecology 556
General view of coastal lagoons 557
Money and energy flows: Lagoa dos Patos. Brazil 560
Coastal lagoon reserves 566
Implications and future directions 569
References 569
CHAPTER 19. FUTURE OF RESEARCH IN COASTAL LAGOONS 574
Methodologies 574
Problems in lagoon research 576
Morphology and stability 577
Ecosystems under stress 578
Transport and pathways of materials 580
Conclusion 582
Subject Index 584