Characterization of Liquids, Nano- and Microparticulates, and Porous Bodies using Ultrasound (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of Contents 8
Preface 6
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1 Historical overview 16
1.2 Advantages of ultrasound over traditional characterization techniques 20
References 24
Chapter 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERFACE AND COLLOID SCIENCE 28
2.1 Real and model dispersions 29
2.2 Parameters of the model dispersion medium 31
2.2.1 Gravimetric parameters. 32
2.2.2 Rheological parameters. 32
2.2.3 Acoustic parameters. 33
2.2.4 Thermodynamic parameters. 33
2.2.5 Electrodynamic parameters. 35
2.2.6 Electroacoustic parameters. 35
2.2.7 Chemical composition. 36
2.3 Parameters of the model dispersed phase 37
2.3.1 Rigid vs. soft particles. 38
2.3.2 Particle size distribution. 39
2.4. Parameters of the model interfacial 44
2.4.1. Flat surfaces. 46
2.4.2 Spherical DL, isolated and overlapped. 47
2.4.3 Electric Double Layer at high ionic strength. 49
2.4.4 Polarized state of the Electric Double Layer 50
2.5. Interactions in Colloid and Interface science 53
2.5.1. Interactions of colloid particles in equilibrium. Colloid stability 54
2.5.2 Interaction in a hydrodynamic field. Cell and core-sheU models. Rheology. 57
2.5.3 Linear interaction in an electric field. Electrokinetics and dielectric spectroscopy. 63
2.5.4 Non-linear interaction in the electric field. Electrocoagulation and electro-rheology. 69
2.6. Traditional particle sizing 73
2.6.1. Light Scattering. Extinction=scattering + absorption. 74
References 79
Chapter 3. FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS IN LIQUIDS 86
3.1. Longitudinal waves and the wave equation 86
3.2. Acoustics and its relation to Rheology 88
3.3. Acoustic Impedance 93
3.4 Propagation through phase boundaries - Reflection 95
3.5 Propagation in porous media 97
3.6 Chemical composition influence 100
References 105
Chapter 4. ACOUSTIC THEORY FOR PARTICULATES 112
4.1 Extinction=absorption + scattering. Superposition approach 115
4.2 Acoustic theory for a dilute system 125
4.3 Ultrasound absorption in concentrates 128
4.3.1 Coupled phase model. 129
4.3.2 Viscous loss theory. 133
4.3.3 Thermal loss theory. 137
4.3.4 Structural loss theory. 141
4.3.5 Intrinsic loss theory. 144
4.4. Ultrasound scattering 146
4.4.1 Rigid sphere. 151
4.4.2 Rigid Cylinder. 152
4.4.3 Non-rigid sphere. 152
4.4.4 Porous sphere. 153
4.4.5 Scattering by a group of particles. 154
4.4.6 Ultrasound resonance by bubbles. 155
4.5 Input parameters 156
References 160
Chapter 5. ELECTROACOUSTIC THEORY 164
5.1 The Theory of Ion Vibration Potential (IVP) 168
5.2 The Low frequency electroacoustic limit - Smoluchowski limit, (SDEL) 169
5.3 The O'Brien theory 171
5.4 The Colloid Vibration Current in concentrated systems 174
5.4.1 CVI and Sedimentation Current. 175
5.4.2 CVI for polydisperse systems. 180
5.4.3 Surface conductivity. 182
5.4.4 Maxwell-Wagner relaxation. Extended frequency range. 183
5.5 Qualitative analysis 184
References 187
Chapter 6. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE ACOUSTIC AND ELECTROACOUSTIC THEORIES 192
6.1 Viscous losses 192
6.2 Thermal losses 198
6.3 Structural losses 200
6.4 Scattering losses 204
6.5 Electroacoustic phenomena 207
References 212
Chapter 7. ACOUSTIC AND ELECTROACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 216
7.1 Historical Perspective 216
7.2 Difference between measurement and analysis 217
7.3 Measurement of attenuation and sound speed using Interferometry 218
7.4 Measurement of attenuation and sound speed using the transmission technique 219
7.4.1 Historical development of the transmission technique. 219
7.4.2 Detailed Description of the Dispersion Technology DT-100 Acoustic Spectrometer. 221
7.5 Precision, accuracy, and dynamic range for transmission measurements 232
7.6 Analysis of Attenuation and Sound Speed to yield desired outputs 235
7.6.1 The ill-defined problem. 235
7.6.2 Precision, accuracy, and resolution of the analysis. 241
7.7 Measurement of Electroacoustic properties 245
7.8 Zeta potential calculation from the analysis of CVI 250
7.9 Measurement of acoustic Impedance 251
References 254
Chapter 8. APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS FOR CHARACTERIZING PARTICULATE SYSTEMS 258
8.1 Characterization of aggregation and flocculation 258
8.2 Stability of emulsions and microemulsions 267
8.3 Particle sizing in mixed colloids with several dispersed phases 275
8.3.1 High density contrast - Ceramics, oxides, minerals, pigments. 278
8.3.2 Cosmetics- Sunscreen. 289
8.3.3 Composition of mixtures. 293
8.4. Chemical-mechanical polishing. Large particle resolution 298
8.5. Titration using Electroacousties 307
8.5.1 pH titration. 307
8.5.2 Time titration, kinetic of the surface-bulk equilibration. 309
8.5.3 Surfactant titration. 311
8.6. Colloids with high ionic strength - Electroacoustic background 316
8.7 Effect of air bubbles 322
8.8 Table of Applications 323
References 332
List of symbols 342
Bibliography alphabetical 350
Index 347