Semiconductors for Room Temperature Nuclear Detector Applications (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Semiconductors for Room Temperature Nuclear Detector Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 14
Preface 16
Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview 20
I. Introduction 20
II. Semiconductor Nuclear Detectors 21
III. Applications 30
IV. Outline of Text 38
References 39
Chapter 2. High-Purity Germanium Detectors 42
I. Introduction 42
II. Crystal Growth 44
III. Characterization 50
IV. Large Volume Detectors 57
V. Charge Collection 70
VI. Germanium X-Ray Detectors 88
VII. Summary 98
References 99
Chapter 3. Growth of Mercuric Iodide 104
I. The Crystal Structure and Phases of Mercuric Iodide 105
II. Physical Properties Relevant to Crystal Growth 106
III. Growth of High Purity Mercuric Iodide Crystals 110
IV. Crystal Perfection 117
V. Recent Developments 121
VI. Challenges in Crystal Growth 125
References 127
Chapter 4. Electrical Properties of Mercuric Iodide 130
List of Symbols 130
I. Introduction 131
II. Carrier Transport 132
III. Deep Levels 151
IV. Photoconductivity 167
V. Surface Effects 173
VI. Detector Performance 177
VII. Conclusions 184
References 184
Chapter 5. Optical Properties of Red Mercuric Iodide 188
I. Introduction 188
II. Band Structure 189
III. Experimental Techniques and Measured Values for Optical Constants 196
IV. Study of Processing by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 224
V. Conclusions 235
References 235
Chapter 6. Growth Methods of CdTe Nuclear Detector Materials 238
I. Introduction 238
II. Phase Diagram 239
III. Synthesis and Purification 248
IV. Growth of Bulk CdTe 251
V. High Resistivity Materials 264
VI. Experimental Results and Conclusion 273
References 274
Chapter 7. Characterization of CdTe Nuclear Detector Materials 278
I. Introduction 278
II. Impurities Analysis 279
III. Surface Analysis 285
IV. Electrical and Optical Characterization 296
V. Discussion and Conclusions 305
References 306
Chapter 8. CdTe Nuclear Detectors and Applications 310
I. Introduction 310
II. Detection Parameters 311
III. CdTe Detectors 312
IV. Improvement of Detector Quality 335
V. Applications of CdTe Detectors 345
References 350
Chapter 9. Cd1 -x Znx Te Spectrometers for Gamma and X-Ray Applications 354
I. Introduction 355
II. Growth of Cd1-x ZnxTe Crystals 356
III. Material Properties of Cd1 -x ZnxTe 358
IV. Defect Characterization and Effects on Device Response 365
V. Detector Characterization and Effects on Device Response 369
VI. Imaging Applications 394
VII. Future Work 397
References 397
Chapter 10. Gallium Arsenide Radiation Detectors and Spectrometers 402
List of Symbols 403
I. Introduction 405
II. Basic Properties of GaAs 410
III. General Detector Operation 422
IV. Epitaxial GaAs Detectors 426
V. Bulk GaAs Detectors Operated in Quantum Pulse Mode 433
VI. Bulk GaAs Photoconductive Detectors Operated in Current Mode 451
VII. Summary 456
References 456
Chapter 11. Lead Iodide Crystals and Detectors 462
I. Introduction 463
II. Physical Properties 463
III. Preparation of Lead Iodide Crystals 464
IV. Radiation Detector Fabrication and Implementation 470
V. Potential Applications of Lead Iodide 478
VI. Conclusion 482
References 482
Chapter 12. Other Materials: Status and Prospects 484
I. Introduction 484
II. Detector Materials 486
III. Current Status and Prospects 503
References 506
Chapter 13. Characterization and Quantification of Detector Performance 512
I. Introduction 512
II. X-Ray and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy 515
III. Electronic Characterization 532
IV. Correlation of Material Properties with Detector Performance 543
V. Concluding Remarks 546
References 546
Chapter 14. Electronics for X-Ray and Gamma Ray Spectrometers 550
I. Introduction 550
II. Electronic Noise Limited Systems 553
III. Statistical Noise Limited Systems 567
IV. Trapping Noise Limited Systems 568
V. Miniaturized Electronics and Multielement Systems 577
References 578
Chapter 15. Summary and Remaining Issues for Room Temperature Radiation Spectrometers 580
I. Introduction 580
II. Materials Requirements 581
III. Issues in HgI2 Detector Technology 582
IV. Materials Issues in CdTe and CdZnTe 594
V. Unresolved Problems and Conclusions 599
References 600
Index 604
Contents of Volumes in This Series 614