Dumping and Mining (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Marine Environmental Pollution, 2 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 16
DEDICATION 6
PREFACE 8
GLOSSARY 12
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 14
INTRODUCTION 24
Common denominator questions 26
Conclusions 41
Section A – Coastal Zone 46
CHAPTER 1. EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL DISCHARGES ON OPEN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 48
Introduction 48
Biological effects 58
Processes and some relations to pollutants 79
Conclusions 87
CHAPTER 2. AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE GULF OF NAPLES AREA, CONDUCTED DURING SEPTEMBER 15 TO OCTOBER 15, 1976, FOR THE REGION OF CAMPANIA 90
Introduction 90
Description of the area 93
Urban development and impact on the Gulf of Naples 111
Street runoff 117
Solid waste 119
Sewage effluent 123
Industrial development 128
Hydrocarbons 132
Naples’ port and boating activities 136
Fishing 142
Discussion of waste treatment alternatives 144
Acknowledgements 152
CHAPTER 3. HEAVY METALS AND CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN 154
Introduction 154
Concentration of heavy metals in the marine environment 154
Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the marine environment 180
Relative importance of heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons 191
Intake of heavy metals from marine foods 192
Intake of chlorinated hydrocarbons from marine foods 201
CHAPTER 4. HISTORY OF HEAVY-METAL INPUTS TO MISSISSIPPI DELTA SEDIMENTS 204
Introduction 204
Methods 206
Mississippi River metal flux 208
Heavy-metal record in Mississippi delta sediments 211
Conclusions 218
Acknowledgements 219
CHAPTER 5. HETEROTROPHIC MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN EXPERIMEN- TALLY PERTURBED MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 220
Introduction 220
Materials and methods 221
Results and discussion 224
Heavy-metal impacts 229
Bacterial tolerance development 233
Conclusions 235
Acknowledgements 219
CHAPTER 6. DREDGING EQUIPMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON THE ENVIRONMENT 238
Introduction 238
Dredging equipment 239
Power requirements and dredge production 251
CHAPTER 7. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF UNCONFINED AND CON- FINED DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIALS IN OPEN WATER 252
Effect of unconfined disposal of dredged materials in open water 252
Introduction 252
Case histories 252
Effect of partly confined disposal of dredged material in open water or on land 261
Effect of confined disposal of dredged material in open water 263
Evaluation of disposal sites 264
Fate of dredged materials disposed in open water and on land 265
Effect of turbidity 268
Conclusions 270
Appendix 271
CHAPTER 8. CHANGES IN HARBOR ECOSYSTEM FOLLOWING “IMPROVED” WASTE TREATMENT 272
Introduction 272
Historical background 273
Harbor’s research 274
Fish canneries and the ecosystem, 1971–1973 276
Changes in waste treatment, 1973–1978 277
The ecosystem – 1978 279
Results 280
Conclusions 287
Section B – Ocean Disposal and Mining 290
CHAPTER 9. SUSPENDED MATTER AS A CARRIER FOR POLLUTANTS IN ESTUARIES AND THE SEA 292
Introduction 292
Particulate matter in suspension 293
Interaction between pollutants and suspended particles 298
Fluxes of suspended matter 301
Summary 306
CHAPTER 10. MARINE BIOLOGY NEEDED TO ASSESS THE SAFETY OF A PROGRAM OF DISPOSAL OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN THE OCEAN 308
Introduction 308
The oceanic ecosystem 308
The influence of radioactive waste disposal on the oceanic ecosystem 313
Links between the deep-oceanic communities and the surface 314
Quantification 319
Monitoring 321
Conclusions 323
CHAPTER 11. THE NEW YORK BIGHT ECOSYSTEM 324
Introduction 324
The natural background 324
Economic development 336
Waste loadings 337
Ecosystem modelling in the New York Bight 382
Conclusions and recommendations 387
Acknowledgements 387
Appendix – Selected bibliography 387
CHAPTER 12. DEEP-OCEAN DUMPING OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES 390
Introduction 390
Existing legal framework 391
Site locations and general characteistics 392
DWD-106 site study 394
Discussion 411
CHAPTER13. AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF MAN-DERIVED WASTES ON THE VIABILITY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO 412
Introduction 412
The setting: The Gulf of Mexico 412
Chemical contamination 414
Fate of the Gulf of Mexico 420
Acknowledgement 425
CHAPTER 14. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DEEP-OCEAN MINING - THE IMPORTANCE OF MANGANESE 426
Introduction 426
Mass balance model for reject materials 428
Relevant aspects of manganese chemistry 431
Process reject disposal on land 435
Effects upon marine ecosystems 437
Conclusions 440
APPENDIX A 443
Appendix B – A comparison of ocean mining vs . natural effects on the marine environment 446
CHAPTER 15. IMPACTS OF MANGANESE NODULE MINING ON THE THE NORTH EQUATORIAL PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT: RESULTS FROM PILOT-SCALE MINING TESTS IN 448
Introduction 448
Mining tests 449
Surface discharge 452
Surface plume 454
Bacterial growth and oxygen demand 463
Effect on phytoplankton 464
Effect on macrozooplankton 469
Effects of surface discharge on fish 473
Benthic impact 475
Collector disturbance 475
Chemistry and mircobiological activity 479
Effect on benthic fauna 480
Conclusion 483
Acknowledgements 485
CHAPTER 16. SEDIMENT DISPERSION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DEEP-OCEAN MINING IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN 486
Introduction 486
Circulation in the mining area 487
Vertical current 490
Basic physical parameters for sediment diffusion 496
Dispersion from a point-source 510
Eulerian diffusion: Steady-state diffusion 516
Conclusions 527
Acknowledgements 528
REFERENCES 530
INDEX 572