Petroleum Geology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Petroleum Geology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 12
Preface 8
Acknowledgement 16
Postscript 18
Part 1: General 20
CHAPTER 1. CONCEPTS OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS 20
Summary 20
Introduction 20
Accumulation of sediment 24
Transgressions and regressions 27
Eustatic sea-level changes 30
Lithological associations in sedimentary basins 34
Classification of sedimentary basins 37
References 40
CHAPTER 2. EARLY DEFORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS: GROWTH STRUCTURES 42
Summary 42
Introduction 43
Definitions and terminology 43
Growth faults 44
Growth anticlines 53
References 57
CHAPTER 3. COMPACTION OF SEDIMENT AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 60
Summary 60
Compaction of sediment and sedimentary rocks 60
Pore-water expulsion 72
Interstitial water pressures 73
Mechanical aspects of pore water in sedimentary rocks 76
Fluid migration from abnormally high pore pressures 80
References 82
CHAPTER 4. A SYNOPSIS OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 86
Introduction 86
Geological inference 87
Petroleum geology 91
Geophysics 104
References 112
CHAPTER 5. DRILLING 114
Introduction 114
Cable-tool drilling 114
Rotary drilling 118
References 124
CHAPTER 6. THE LOGGING OF BOREHOLES 126
Summary 126
General 126
Principles of electrical logging 129
Temperature 152
References 155
CHAPTER 7. THE NATURE OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS 158
Summary 158
Giant oil fields 161
The oil-rich countries 168
References 172
CHAPTER 8. THE NATURE OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS 174
Summary 174
References 196
CHAPTER 9. ORIGIN AND MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM: GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS 198
Summary 198
Introduction 198
Hydrodynamic aspects of migration 200
Origin and migration of petroleum in carbonate rocks 219
References 225
CHAPTER 10. ORIGIN AND MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM: GEOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS 228
Summary 228
Introduction 228
Primary Migration 234
Crude oils with high wax content 239
Alteration of crude oil after generation: water-washing and biodegradation 240
References 245
CHAPTER 11. ORIGIN. MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM: DISCUSSION 250
Summary 250
Evidence of stratigraphic position of source for accumulations 250
Petroleum migration and faults 264
References 270
Part 2: Petroleum geology of transgressive sequences 274
CHAPTER 12. FOSSIL CORAL REEFS 274
Summary 274
Introduction 274
Silurian reefs of the Great Lakes area 278
Devonian reefs of western Canada 281
Cretaceous reefs of Mexico 288
Paleocene reefs of Libya 291
References 295
CHAPTER 13. PALAEOGEOMORPHIC AND UNCONFORMITY TRAPS 298
Summary 298
Palaeogeomorphic, palaeotopographic traps 298
Unconformity traps 303
References 320
Part 3: Petroleum geology of regressive sequences 322
CHAPTER 14. ABNORMAL PRESSURES 322
Summary 322
Observations 322
Interpretation of observations 325
The nature of the transition zone 329
Other possible causes of abnormal pressures 337
References 340
CHAPTER 15. DIAPIRS, DIAPIRISM AND GROWTH STRUCTURES 344
Summary 344
Diapirs 344
Diapirism 349
Discussion 355
Growth structures and incipient diapirism 359
References 365
CHAPTER 16. SYNTHESIS 368
Summary 368
Introduction 369
Deformation of sedimentary basins 370
Regressive sequences 371
Rift basins 380
References 390
APPENDIX 1. CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF SHALE-TRANSIT-TIME PLOTS 394
Operational uses of the method 397
Geological interpretation 397
Example of pressure estimation and interpretation 399
References 400
GLOSSARY 402
AUTHOR INDEX 418
SUBJECT INDEX 428