Optical Oceanography (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Optical Oceanography 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 10
PREFACE 8
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 18
Nature of the subject 18
Historical note 18
Terminology 19
Part I. Inherent optical properties of sea water 30
CHAPTER 2. SCATTERING 32
The scattering problem 32
Scatterance meters 32
Scattering by water 39
Refractive index and dispersion of sea water 41
Particle scattering 42
The volume scattering function 50
Total scattering coefficient 55
Dispersion of scattering 56
Scattering and particle size 58
Multiple scattering 59
Polarization of scattered light 59
CHAPTER 3. BEAM ATTENUATION 64
The attenuation process 64
Beam transmittance meters 65
Attenuance of sea water 68
Fluorescence 77
Part II. Underwater radiant energy 80
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL RADIATION INCIDENT ON THE SEA SURFACE 82
Spectral distributions 82
Angular distributions 83
Polarization 85
CHAPTER 5. REFLECTION AT THE SEA SURFACE 86
Theory 86
Concept of albedo 92
Experimental values of reflectance 93
Dispersion of reflection 94
CHAPTER 6. REFRACTION AT THE SEA SURFACE 95
Refraction law 95
Change of radiance and irradiance at the surface 96
Effect of waves on refraction 96
CHAPTER 7. THEORY OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN THE SEA 98
Simple integration of scattered light 99
Semi-empirical model 101
Relation between downward and upward irradiance 102
Radiative transfer equation 103
Radiance model of the visibility laboratory 105
Chandrasekhar’s method 106
Asymptotic state 108
CHAPTER 8. TECHNIQUES OF UNDERWATER LIGHT MEASUREMENT 111
Collectors 111
Detectors 114
Filters 116
Orientation problem 117
Meters 119
Calibration 122
Measuring procedure 122
CHAPTER 9. RADIANCE 124
Radiance in the upper layers 124
Asymptotic radiance distribution 128
CHAPTER 10. IRRADIANCE 132
Downward irradiance in the upper layers 132
Optical classification 135
Total downward irradiance (300–2,500 nm) 141
Downward irradiance in deep water 141
Irradiance on a vertical plane 142
Upward irradiance 144
Dependence of irradiance on solar elevation 145
Influence of bottom 149
CHAPTER 11. POLARIZATION OF UNDERWATER RADIANT ENERGY 150
General polarization pattern 150
Observations 150
CHAPTER 12. VISIBILITY 154
Contrast 154
Theoretical 154
Measurements 157
Visibility of field radiance 157
CHAPTER 13. COLOUR OF THE SEA 158
Definitions 158
Perception of colour 158
Colorimetric system 159
Theories of the colour of the sea 161
Colour observed above the sea 161
Colour observed in situ 162
Absorption by particles and yellow substance 167
Discoloration of the sea 168
Part III. Applications of optical methods 170
CHAPTER 14. APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 172
Object of optical applications 172
Reflection and refraction 172
Distribution of particles 173
Distribution of yellow substance 181
Distribution of fluorescence 182
CHAPTER 15. APPLICATIONS TO MARINE BIOLOGY 184
Primary production 184
Bioluminescence 189
Animal orientation 189
REFERENCES 191
INDEX 206