Marine Optics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Marine Optics 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 8
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 16
Nature of the subject 16
Historical note 16
Terminology 17
Part I: Inherent optical properties of sea water 26
CHAPTER 2. SCATTERING 28
The scattering problem 28
Scatterance meters 28
Scattering by water 34
Refractive index and dispersion of sea water 37
Particulate matter in the sea 37
Particle scattering 41
The volume scattering function 48
Total scattering coefficient 54
Dispersion of scattering 55
Multiple scattering 57
Polarization of scattered light 58
CHAPTER 3. BEAM ATTENUATION 62
The attenuation process 62
Beam transmittance meters 63
Attenuance of sea water 66
Fluorescence 78
Part II: Underwater radiant energy 82
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL RADIATION INCIDENT ON THE SEA SURFACE 84
Spectral distribution 84
Polarization 87
CHAPTER 5. REFLECTION AT THE SEA SURFACE 88
Theory 88
Concept of albedo 93
Aureole effect 94
Experimental values of reflectance 94
Dispersion of reflection 95
CHAPTER 6. REFRACTION AT THE SEA SURFACE 96
Refraction law 96
Change of radiance and irradiance at the surface 97
Effect of waves on refraction 97
CHAPTER 7. THEORY OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN THE SEA 98
Simple integration of scattered light 98
Dependence of solar elevation on downward irradiance 101
Semi-empirical model 102
Scalar irradiance 102
Radiative transfer equation 104
Radiance model of the Visibility Laboratory 105
Theory of radiative transfer 107
Relation between upward and downward irradiance 109
Asymptotic state 111
CHAPTER 8. TECHNIQUES OF UNDERWATER LIGHT MEASUREMENT 116
Collectors 116
Detectors 119
Filters 120
Orientation problem 122
Meters 123
Calibration 129
Measuring procedure 129
Colour meters 130
CHAPTER 9. RADIANCE 132
Radiance in the upper layers 132
Asymptotic radiance distribution 135
CHAPTER 10. IRRADIANCE 142
Downward irradiance in the upper layers 142
Optical classification 146
Quanta irradiance 152
Total downward irradiance (300—2,500 nm) 154
Downward irradiance in deep water 154
Irradiance on a vertical plane 155
Upward irradiance 157
Scalar irradiance 159
Dependence of irradiance on solar elevation 160
Influence of bottom 164
Irradiance fluctuations 165
CHAPTER 11. POLARIZATION OF UNDERWATER RADIANT ENERGY 166
General polarization pattern 166
Observations 166
CHAPTER 12. VISIBILITY 172
Contrast 172
Theoretical 172
Measurements 174
Visibility of field radiance 175
Modulation transfer function 175
CHAPTER 13. COLOUR OF THE SEA 178
Definitions 178
Perception of colour 178
Colorimetric system 179
Theories of the colour of the sea 180
Colour observed above the sea 181
Colour observed in situ 181
Absorption by particles and yellow substance 186
Discolouration of the sea 187
Part III: Applications of optical methods 188
CHAPTER 14. APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 190
Object of optical applications 190
Reflection and refraction 190
Distribution of particles 191
Pollution research 203
Remote optical sensing 204
Distribution of yellow substance 205
Distribution of fluorescence 205
Colour index 207
CHAPTER 15. APPLICATIONS TO MARINE BIOLOGY 210
Primary production 210
Bioluminescence 217
Animal orientation 218
REFERENCES 220
INDEX 242