Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 16 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
Chapter 1. Application of Laser Techniques to Geodesy and Geophysics 10
1. Introduction 10
2. Terrestrial Laser Ranging Devices 15
3. Extraterrestrial Laser Ranging Devices 23
4. Laser Strain Meters 32
5. Results of Strain and Range Measurements 47
6. Miscellaneous Laser Applications 57
7. Summary 61
List of Symbols 61
References 62
Chapter 2. Electron Microprobe Analysis in the Earth Sciences 66
1. Introduction 67
2. The Instrument and Samples 69
3. Quantitative Analysis 85
4. Errors 112
5. Applications 134
List of Principal Symbols 151
References 152
Chapter 3. Auroral Audibility 164
1. Introduction 165
2. Observational Results 166
3. Characteristics and Analysis of Auroral Sound Events 185
4. Hypotheses of Auroral Audibility 207
5. The Case for Brush Discharge and Aurorally Induced Electric Fields 217
6. Conclusions 225
List of Symbols 226
Appendix: Auroral Sound Events 227
References 268
Chapter 4. On Volcanic and Other Particulate Turbidity Anomalies 276
1. Introduction 276
2. The Krakatoa Event of 1883 277
3. The Katmai Event of 1912 283
4. The Agung Event of 1963 288
5. Climatic Effects of Volcanic Dust 299
6. Summary and Conclusions 301
References 304
Chapter 5. Atmospheric and Oceanic Flow Problems Introduced by Islands 306
1. Introduction and Summary 307
2. Microscale Perturbations 332
3. Group of Small Islands as Mesometeorological Network 335
4. Mesoscale Atmospheric Vortices Leeward of Islands 337
5. Vortices Leeward of the Hawaiian Islands 366
6. Anomalous Oceanic Circulations Around Islands 380
7. Upwelling Due to Circulations Around Islands 386
8. Air Flow Over a Heated Island 392
9. Recent Experiments in Tropical Island Meteorology 415
10. Concluding Remarks 423
References 425
Author Index 432
Subject Index 442