Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 15 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
Chapter 1. Geochemistry and Geology of Helium 12
1. Introduction 13
2. Radioactivity 14
3. Origin and Abundance of Elements 20
4. Origin of Helium 22
5. Helium-Generating Potential of Rocks and Fluids 25
6. Distribution and Occurrence of Helium 40
7. Migration of Helium 43
8. Accumulation or Entrapment of Helium 52
9. Natural Gas Analysis 57
10. Conclusions 64
References 65
Chapter 2. Evaluation of Precipitation Records in Weather Modification Experiments 70
1. Introduction 71
2. Effects of Natural Precipitation Variability in Evaluating Cloud Seeding Experiments 75
3. Use of Precipitation Climatology in Assessing Potential Benefits of Weather Modification 81
4. Space and Time Variability Relationships 89
5. Other Relevant Climatological Studies 103
6. Precipitation Measurement Requirements 108
7. Statistical Evaluation Techniques 122
8. Downwind Seeding Effects 130
9. Design of a Precipitation Modification Experiment 134
References 144
Chapter 3. Charged Particles Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field 148
1. Introduction 148
2. Magnetic Field Considerations 157
3. Particle Survey 167
4. Sources, Losses, and Transport 181
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 217
List of Symbols 218
References 219
Chapter 4. Photochemistry of Atmospheric Ozone 230
1. Observed Distribution of Total Ozone 230
2. The Classical Photochemical Theory: “Pure Oxygen Atmosphere” 255
3. Ozone Photochemistry in a “Moist” Atmosphere 282
4. Possible Importance of Nitrogen Oxides to Ozone Photochemistry 314
5. Ozone as a Tracer 317
6. Interrelation between Ozone Photochemistry and Stratospheric Dynamics 323
List of Symbols 326
References 326
Author Index 334
Subject Index 341