Geophysics Field Measurements (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Geophysics 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Chapter 10. Seismic Instrumentation 14
1. Introduction 14
2. Historical Development 15
3. Nature of Seismic Ground Motions 24
4. Basic Types of Seismic Sensors 27
5. Damping Devices and Transducers 38
6. Pendulum-Galvanometer Interaction 45
7. Central Recording and Networking 48
8. Recent Developments in Seismographs 63
References 86
Chapter 11. Marine Acoustic Techniques 90
1. Introduction: The Ocean Acoustic Environment 90
2. Echo Sounders 100
3. Bottom-Imaging Sonars 110
4. Acoustics for Position Determination 123
5. A System Example 133
References 136
Chapter 12. Surface Measurement of the Earth’s Gravity Field 140
1. Introduction 140
2. Instrumentation 146
3. Applications 155
References 172
Chapter 13. Satellite Measurement of the Earth’s Gravity Field 176
1. Introduction and Historical Summary 176
2. Geodetic Satellites 177
3. Satellite Orbit Dynamics 183
4. Data Analysis 191
References 199
Chapter 14. Experimental Methods in Continental Heat Flow 202
1. Introduction 202
2. Temperature 205
3. Thermal Conductivity 219
4. Heat Production 226
5. Heat Flow Calculation 226
6. Miscellaneous Techniques 230
7. Future Research 232
References 234
Chapter 15. Measurement of Oceanic Heat Flow 240
1. Introduction 240
2. Temperature Gradients 242
3. Thermal Conductivity 261
4. Heat Flow 267
References 272
Chapter 16. Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting 278
1. Introduction 278
2. Elementary Electromagnetic Theory 279
3. Electrical Properties of Earth Materials 296
4. Basic Principles of Resistivity and Induced Polarization Surveys 304
5. Magnetotelluric Method 326
6. Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Methods 359
References 379
Chapter 17. Measurement of In Situ Stress 390
1. Introduction 390
2. Surface Measurements 392
3. Near-Surface Measurements 396
4. Deep Measurements 406
5. State of Stress in the Earth’s Crust 417
6. Future Research 418
References 419
Chapter 18. Continuous Measurement of Crustal Deformation 422
1. Aims and Problems of Continous Deformation Measurement 422
2. Quantities to be Measured 423
3. General Design Features 428
4. Tiltmeters: Particular Designs 437
5. Strainmeters 442
6. Conclusions 447
References 448
Chapter 19. Geophysical Well Logging 454
1. Introduction 454
2. Geological and Petrophysical Interpretation of Logging Measurements 472
3. The Physics of Logging Measurements 514
References 622
Index 630
Contents of Volume 24, Part A 637