Dreams and Dreaming (eBook)

Cover 1
International Review of Neurobiology 2
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
The Development of the Science of Dreaming 14
I. Results 15
II. Conclusion 29
Acknowledgments 29
References 29
Dreaming as Inspiration: Evidence from Religion, Philosophy,Literature, and Film 44
I. Introduction 44
II. Quality of Evidence 45
III. Religion 46
IV. Philosophy 49
V. Literature 51
VI. Film 55
VII. Conclusion 57
References 58
Developmental Perspective: Dreaming Across the Lifespanand What This Tells Us 60
I. Introduction 60
II. Background and Clinical Perspective 61
III. Sleep and Speculations about Dreaming in Infancy 63
IV. Sleep and Dreaming in Childhoo 66
V. Sleep and Dreaming in Adolescence 69
VI. Sleep and Dreaming in Adulthood 71
VII. Sleep and Dreaming in Older Adulthood 75
VIII. Conclusion 78
References 79
REM and NREM Sleep Mentation 82
I. Introduction 83
II. Dreams in REM and NREM Sleep 83
III. Neurobiologic Correlates of REM and NREM Sleep That AreConsistent with REM and NREM Sleep Processing Specializations 84
IV. Specializations in Emotional Processing 92
V. REM–NREM Interactions in Processing of Memories across a SingleNight 93
VI. Which (If Any) Elements of REM or NREM Sleep Dream Content AreCorrelated with Daytime Mood and Behavioral Variables? 93
VII. Summary 94
VIII. Significance 94
Acknowledgments 96
References 96
Neuroimaging of Dreaming: State of the Art and Limitations 100
I. Introduction 100
II. Necessity of and Difficulties in the Assessment of Dream Reports 101
III. Basic Assumptions 102
IV. Current Data 103
V. Conclusions 109
References 110
Memory Consolidation, The Diurnal Rhythm of Cortisol, andThe Nature of Dreams: A New Hypothesis 114
I. Memory Consolidation, the Diurnal Rhythm of Cortisol, and theFormal Features of Dreaming: A New Hypothesis 116
II. Sleep and Memory: The Case for Consolidation 117
III. Cortisol’s Impact on Memory During Wakefulness 126
IV. A Clinical View of Memory Under Stress 128
V. Tying It All Together: Toward a New Hypothesis of Dreaming 131
VI. The Emotional Nature of Dreams 136
VII. Concluding Remarks 140
References 142
Characteristics and Contents of Dreams 148
I. Introduction 148
II. Definitions and Methodological Issues 149
III. Dream Content Analysis 152
IV. Phenomenology of Dreams 153
V. Factors Influencing Dream Content 155
VI. The “Continuity Hypothesis” of Dreaming 157
VII. Dreams and Psychopathology 158
VIII. Dreams and Sleep Disorders 159
IX. Effect of Dreams on Waking Life 160
X. Conclusion and Future Directions 162
References 163
Trait and Neurobiological Correlates of Individual Differencesin Dream Recall and Dream Content 168
I. Individual Differences in DRF 169
II. Individual Differences in Dream Content 176
III. Neurobiology of Individual Difference Variables Relevant to Dreaming 180
IV. Conclusions 184
References 185
Consciousness in Dreams 194
I. Introduction 194
II. How Does Dream Consciousness Come About? 196
III. What Characterizes Dream Consciousness? 199
IV. Characteristics of Dreams 199
V. Dream Consciousness and the Dream Body 202
VI. How Do Dream Consciousness and Lucidity Differ from WakeConsciousness? 203
VII. What We Can Learn from Dream Consciousness 206
References 207
The Underlying Emotion and the Dream: RelatingDream Imagery to the Dreamer‘s UnderlyingEmotion can Help Elucidate the Nature of Dreaming 210
I. Emotion and Dreaming: Introduction 211
II. Dreams and Emotional Arousal: Starting with Trauma and Stress 213
III. The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming 222
IV. The Clinical Literature versus the Research Literature on Dreams:A Hierarchy of Emotional Intensity 224
References 226
Dreaming, Handedness, and Sleep Architecture: InterhemisphericMechanisms 228
I. Hand Preference: Definition, Measurement, and Neurophysiology 229
II. Handedness and Sleep 231
III. Summary 238
References 241
To What Extent Do Neurobiological Sleep-Waking ProcessesSupport Psychoanalysis? 246
I. Introduction 246
II. Result 250
III. What Happens during Sleep 259
IV. Conclusion 284
Acknowledgments 284
References 284
The Use of Dreams in Modern Psychotherapy 304
I. Theories of Dream Work 305
II. Empirical Research on the Demographics of Dream Work inPsychotherapy 310
III. Empirical Research on Models of Dream Work 313
IV. Empirical Research in Other Areas Related to Dreams andPsychotherapy 319
V. Future Directions 324
References 325
Index 332
Contents of Recent Volumes 342