Baltic Sea (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Baltic Sea 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 6
List of contributors 14
CHAPTER 1. GEOLOGY OF THE BALTIC SEA 16
A. Pre-Quaternary geology of the Baltic Sea 16
B. Quaternary geology of the Baltic Sea 53
C. Natural resources 88
References 100
CHAPTER 2. HYDROLOGY OF THE BALTIC SEA 106
Hydromorphology 106
River inflow 108
Precipitation and evaporation 109
Water transport through the Danish Sounds 112
Water storage and water exchange 116
References 116
CHAPTER 3. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 118
Introduction 118
Salinity and temperature distribution 118
Density stratification and its variability 132
Circulation 133
Mixing conditions 143
Optical properties, heat balance and ice conditions 150
References 158
CHAPTER 4. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 166
Anomalies in the composition of the Baltic Sea water 166
Distribution of dissolved oxygen 171
Nutrients 177
Trace metals 186
Sediment–water interactions 188
Dissolved organic matter 194
References 196
CHAPTER 5. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 202
A. Introduction 202
B. Vegetation and primary production 203
C. Zooplankton 221
D. Benthic fauna of the Baltic Sea 237
References 248
CHAPTER 6. FISHES AND FISHERIES 258
A. Fish fauna of the Baltic Sea 258
B. Marine pelagic fishes 259
C. Anadromous and catadromous fishes 275
D. Demersal fishes 294
E. Fresh-water fishes 316
References 324
CHAPTER 7. POLLUTION 334
Introduction 334
Eutrophication 336
Toxic matter 345
Oil pollution 352
Radioactive pollution 354
Physical pollution 355
References 359
CHAPTER 8. INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND COOPERATION 366
A. International management of the Baltic Sea fisheries 366
B. International cooperation as the basis of the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea area 369
Author index 374
Subject index 388