Advances in Inorganic Chemistry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 36 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 6
Chapter 1. Inorganic Chemistry and Drug Design 16
I. Introduction 16
II. Active Complexes 22
III. Active Elements 31
IV. Active Ligands 44
V. Conclusion 57
References 59
Chapter 2. Lithium and Medicine: Inorganic Pharmacology 64
I. Introduction 64
II. The Affective Disorders: Manic Depressive Psychoses 65
III. Lithium in the Affective Disorders 66
IV. Lithium and the Phosphoinositide Signaling System 72
V. Lithium and the Cell Membrane 73
VI . Lithium and Immunology 76
VII. Gastrointestinal Absorption of Lithium 77
VIII. Lithium and the Kidney 80
IX. Drug Interactions with Lithium 80
X. Lithium and the Thyroid Gland 81
XI. Lithium and Bone 82
XII. Microbiological Effects of Lithium 82
XIII. Conclusion 83
References 84
Chapter 3. The Mo-, V-, and Fe-Based Nitrogenase Systems of Azotobacter 92
I. Introduction 92
II. The Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation 94
III. The Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation 96
IV. Outlook 114
References 115
Chapter 4. The Extraction of Metals from Ores Using Bacteria 118
I. Introduction 118
II. Metal Extraction Using Bacteria: The Basic Principles 119
III. The Mineral Sulfide-Oxidizing Acidophilic Bacteria 121
IV. Large-Scale Commercial Applications 138
V. The Biooxidation of Refractory Gold Ores 140
VI. Conclusions and Prospects 145
References 146
Chapter 5. Solid-state Bioinorganic Chemistry: Mechanisms and Models of Biomineralization 152
I. Introduction 152
II. Biomineralization 154
III. Model Systems 197
References 212
Chapter 6. Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Hemoproteins 216
I. Introduction 216
II. Principles of MCD Spectroscopy Applied to Hemes 218
III. Optical and MCD Spectra of Ferrous and Ferric Hemes 224
IV. Heme Peroxidases 250
V. Metal Centers of Cytochrome c Oxidase 260
References 267
Chapter 7. Flavocytochrome b2 272
I. Introduction 272
II. Isolation and Purification of Flavocytochrome b2 275
III. Structural Studies 276
IV. Biophysical and Biochemical Properties of Flavocytochrome b2 283
V. Catalysis and Electron Transfer 290
VI. Protein Engineering Studies 302
VII. Future Directions 311
References 312
Chapter 8. X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and the Structures of Transition Metal Centers in Proteins 318
I. Introduction 318
II. Theoretical Aspects 320
III. Experimental Considerations 327
IV. Applications 329
References 349
Chapter 9. Direct Electrochemistry of Proteins and Enzymes 356
I. Introduction 356
II. Electrochemistry of Metalloproteins 357
III. Electrochemistry of Protein–Protein Complexes 369
IV. Electrochemistry of Redox Enzymes 373
V. Applications of Electrochemistry of Proteins and Enzymes 385
VI. Concluding Remarks 387
References 388
Chapter 10. Active-Site Properties of the Blue Copper Proteins 392
I. Introduction 392
II . Classification 393
III. Occurrence and Sequences 394
IV . Functional Role 397
V. X-Ray Crystal Structures 398
VI. EXAFS Studies 405
VII. UV–VIS Spectra 406
VIII. Reduction Potentials 408
IX. Active-Site Protonations 411
X. Charge on Proteins 413
XI. Self-Exchange Rate Constants 416
XII. Electron Transfer Routes 418
XIII. Comparison with Rubredoxin 419
XIV. Summary 419
References 420
Chapter 11. The Uptake, Storage, and Mobilization of Iron and Aluminum in Biology 424
I. Introduction 424
II. Chemistry of Iron and Aluminum 425
III. Aspects of Iron and Aluminum Metabolism in Animals and Bacteria 428
IV. Ferritin and Bacterial Ferritin 432
V. Aluminum Speciation in Biology 448
VI. Aluminum Toxicity and Iron Overload 456
References 458
Chapter 12. Probing Structure–Function Relations in Ferritin and Bacterioferritin 464
I. Introduction 464
II. Iron Cores of Ferritins and Bacterioferritins 467
III. The Protein Shells 480
IV. Mineralization Mechanisms in H and L Ferritins 491
References 497
Index 502
Contents of Recent Volumes 516