Environmental Magnetism (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Foreword 10
Preface 12
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 14
1.1 Prospectus 14
1.2 An Example 15
1.3 Scope of the Subject 17
CHAPTER 2. BASIC MAGNETISM 20
2.1 Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism 20
2.2 Magnetic Susceptibility 22
2.3 Magnetic Hysteresis 26
2.4 Grain Size Effects 27
2.5 Summary of Magnetic Parameters and Terminology 31
2.6 Enviromagnetic Parameters 33
2.7 Magnetic Units 40
2.8 Putting It All Together 42
CHAPTER 3. ENVIROMAGNETIC MINERALS 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Iron Oxides 45
3.3 Iron Oxyhydroxides 54
3.4 Iron Sulfides 54
3.5 Iron Carbonate 55
3.6 Some Examples 56
3.7 Room-Temperature Biplots 60
CHAPTER 4. MEASUREMENT AND TECHNIQUES 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Measurement of Magnetic Parameters 63
4.3 Magnetic Parameters Used in Environmental Studies 81
4.4 Magnetic Parameters Unmixed 91
CHAPTER 5. PROCESSES AND PATHWAYS 97
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Soils and Paleosols 101
5.3 Marine Sediments 109
5.4 Rivers and Lakes 116
CHAPTER 6. TIME 124
6.1 Introduction 124
6.2 Temporal Characteristics of the Geomagnetic Field 130
6.3 Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy 143
6.4 Milankovitch Cycles 146
CHAPTER 7. MAGNETOCLIMATOLOGY AND PAST GLOBAL CHANGE 149
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Loess 149
7.3 Lake Sediments 172
7.4 Marine Sediments 177
CHAPTER 8. MASS TRANSPORT 187
8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Dust Flux and Climate 187
8.3 Erosion and Sediment Yield 189
8.4 Permeating Fluids 192
8.5 Oceanic and Atmospheric Circulation 195
CHAPTER 9. MAGNETISM IN THE BIOSPHERE 198
9.1 Introduction 198
9.2 Biomineralization 201
9.3 Bacterial Magnetism 202
9.4 Other Organisms 219
CHAPTER 10. MAGNETIC MONITORING OF POLLUTION 224
10.1 Introduction 224
10.2 Soil Contamination 226
10.3 Rivers, Lakes, and Harbors 231
10.4 Atmospheric Contaminants 238
10.5 Roadside Pollution 240
10.6 Pneumomagnetism 242
CHAPTER 11. ARCHEOLOGICAL AND EARLY HOMINID ENVIRONMENTS 244
11.1 Introduction 244
11.2 Archeological Soils 245
11.3 Archeological Magnetic Prospection Surveys 248
11.4 Economy, Industry, and Art 252
11.5 Speleomagnetism 254
11.6 Hominid Evolution 256
CHAPTER 12. OUR PLANETARY MAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT 258
12.1 Introduction 258
12.2 The Geomagnetic Field 259
12.3 The Magnetosphere 262
Appendix 266
Glossary 267
References 274
Index 302
List of Volumes in the Series 308
Color Plate Section 314