Psychoneuroimmunology (eBook)

Front cover 1
Table of contents 7
Contributors 11
Preface to the Fourth Edition 17
About the Editors 21
PROLOGUE: Exploring the Phylogenetic History ofNeural-immune System Interactions:An Update 23
PART I: NEURAL AND ENDOCRINE EFFECTS ON IMMUNITY 61
INTRODUCTION 61
CHAPTER 1: Glucocorticoids and Immunity: Mechanisms of Regulation 67
ABSTRACT 67
I. INTRODUCTION 67
II. IMMUNITY 68
III. GLUCOCORTICOIDS 70
IV. GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR 70
V. REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY GR 72
VI. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 76
VII. PERSPECTIVES 78
CHAPTER 2: Adrenergic Regulation of Immunity 85
ABSTRACT 85
I. EARLY EVIDENCE THAT THE NERVOUS AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER 85
II. SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF LYMPHOID TISSUE AND NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE 86
III. EVIDENCE FOR ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR EXPRESSION ON IMMUNE CELLS 87
IV. EVIDENCE THAT NOREPINEPHRINE REGULATES IMMUNE CELL ACTIVITY IN VIVO 88
V. EVIDENCE FOR ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR REGULATION OF IMMUNE CELL ACTIVITY IN VITRO 93
VI. RELEVANCE TO HEALTH AND DISEASE 97
CHAPTER 3: Cholinergic Regulation of Inflammation 107
I. INTRODUCTION 107
II. BRAIN-IMMUNE COMMUNICATION 108
III. THE CHOLINERGIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PATHWAY IN MEDICINE 111
IV. PERSPECTIVES 115
CHAPTER 4: Significance of Sensory Neuropeptides and the Immune Response 119
I. INTRODUCTION 119
II. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 120
III. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 121
IV. NEUROPEPTIDES 122
V. THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 127
VI. THE CHOLINERGIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PATHWAY 127
VII. NEUROTROPHINS 127
VIII. NEUROPEPTIDE COMMUNICATION: THE DIFFERENT IMMUNE CELLS 128
IX. NERVES IN THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS 132
X. NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION 133
XI. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 133
XII. STRESS RESPONSE 134
XIII. NERVE-IMMUNE COMMUNICATION IN THE VARIOUS TISSUES 135
XIV. SUMMARY 139
CHAPTER 5: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: An Anti-inflammatory Neuropeptide 153
ABSTRACT 153
I. INTRODUCTION 153
II. VIP PRESENCE IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS 154
III. VIP RECEPTORS IN IMMUNE CELLS 155
IV. EFFECTS OF VIP ON INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES 157
V. EFFECTS OF VIP ON T-CELL ACTIVATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND FUNCTION 161
VI. VIP IN MODELS OF AUTOIMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION, AND BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION 165
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 171
VIII. ABBREVIATIONS 172
CHAPTER 6: Immune-derived Opioids: Production andFunction in Infl ammatory Pain 181
ABSTRACT 181
I. INTRODUCTION 181
II. PERIPHERAL OPIOID RECEPTORS 182
III. OPIOID PEPTIDES PRODUCED BY IMMUNE CELLS 183
IV. MIGRATION OF OPIOID-CONTAINING IMMUNE CELLS TO INFLAMED TISSUE 185
V. RELEASE OF OPIOID PEPTIDES FROM IMMUNE CELLS 186
VI. ANALGESIA PRODUCED BY IMMUNE-DERIVED OPIOID PEPTIDES 187
VII. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 188
VIII. PERSPECTIVES 188
CHAPTER 7: Crosstalk between Insulin-like Growth Factors and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines 193
I. INTRODUCTION 193
II. THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR (IGF) SYSTEM 194
III. IGF TYPE I RECEPTOR SIGNALING 197
IV. PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE SIGNALING 199
V. CYTOKINE-INDUCED IGF 0RESISTANCE IN VITRO—MECHANISMS OF ACTION201
VI. CYTOKINE—IGF INTERACTIONS IN VIVO—BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING206
VII. CONCLUSIONS 209
CHAPTER 8: The Neuroendocrine System and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focus on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 215
I. INTRODUCTION 215
II. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF NEURAL-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS 216
III. ANIMAL MODELS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 218
IV. HPA AXIS FUNCTION FINDINGS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS 219
V. OTHER NEUROENDOCRINE FACTORS IMPLICATED IN RA PATHOGENESIS 221
VI. SUMMARY 223
CHAPTER 9: Sex Steroids and Immunity 229
I. INTRODUCTION: SEX HORMONES AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 229
II. PERIPHERAL SEX HORMONE METABOLISM IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 230
III. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF IMMUNOMODULATION BY SEX HORMONES 231
IV. PREGNANCY AND AUTOIMMUNITY 233
CHAPTER 10: Emerging Concepts for the Pathogenesis of Chronic Disabling Inflammatory Diseases: Neuroendocrine-immune Interactions and Evolutionary Biology 239
I. INTRODUCTION 239
II. BALANCE BETWEEN IMMUNE TOLERANCE AND IMMUNE AGGRESSION 239
III. GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR ADVANTAGEOUS REACTIONS TO OVERCOME CHRONIC DISABLING INFLAMMATORY DISEASES WERE NOT EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED 241
IV. HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS ARE EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED FOR TRANSIENT INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS—THEIR MISUSE IN CHRONIC DISABLING INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 242
V. UNCOUPLING OF SUPERSYSTEMS DURING CDIDS 246
VI. THE HEN-AND-EGG PROBLEM OF CDIDs—WHO STARTSTHE DISEASE? 248
CHAPTER 11: Neuroendocrine Regulation of Cancer Progression: I. Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance 255
I. INTRODUCTION 255
II. OVERVIEW OF THE STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM 257
III. CANCER INITIATION 257
IV. CANCER METASTASIS 259
V. NEUROENDOCRINE EFFECTS ON CANCER-RELATED BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS 261
VI. SUMMARY 264
CHAPTER 12: Neuroendocrine Regulation of Cancer Progression: II. Immunological Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance, and Prophylactic Measures 273
ABSTRACT 273
I. IMMUNE-CANCER INTERACTIONS AND THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (CMI) IN RESTRICTING TUMOR GROWTH AND METASTASIS 274
II. THE CRITICAL PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD IN CANCER PATIENTS 275
III. NEUROENDOCRINE MODULATION OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD 276
IV. POSTOPERATIVE SUPPRESSION OF NK ACTIVITY AND RESISTANCE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION: MECHANISMS AND PREVENTION BY PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS 276
V. IS THERE EVIDENCE IN CANCER PATIENTS THAT POSTOPERATIVE SUPPRESSION OF CMI CAN INDEED PROMOTE METASTASIS? 279
VI. IMMUNE STIMULATION AS A PROPHYLACTIC MEASURE IN THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD AND THE POTENTIAL FOR PNI-BASED INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE IMMUNOTHERAPY 280
VII. DOES MALIGNANT TISSUE EXPLOIT STRESSFUL PERIODS TO FACILITATE ITS AUTO-EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS? 282
VIII. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 283
PART II: IMMUNE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON NEURAL AND ENDOCRINE PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR 289
CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN: AN INTRODUCTION 289
CHAPTER 13: Expression and Action of Cytokines in the Brain: Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Implications 293
I. KEY ELEMENTS OF THE BRAIN CYTOKINE SYSTEM 294
II. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN 295
III. ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY 296
IV. ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN NEUROPATHOLOGY 297
V. ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 299
VI. CONCLUSION 299
CHAPTER 14: Cytokines, Sickness Behavior, and Depression 303
I. INTRODUCTION 303
II. THE CYTOKINE NETWORK 304
III. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF CYTOKINES 304
IV. SICKNESS BEHAVIOR IS THE EXPRESSION OF A CENTRAL MOTIVATIONAL STATE 307
V. MODES OF ACTION OF CYTOKINES ON THE BRAIN 308
VII. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF CYTOKINES ON THEIR BRAIN TARGETS 315
VIII. SPECIFICITY OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL CYTOKINES IN DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF SICKNESS BEHAVIOR 319
IX. MOLECULAR FACTORS OPPOSING THE EXPRESSION AND ACTION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN 320
X. MODULATION OF CYTOKINE-INDUCED SICKNESS BEHAVIOR BY DIETARY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 325
XI. SENSITIZATION OF THE BRAIN CYTOKINE SYSTEM 325
XII. CYTOKINES, DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY 326
XIII. CONCLUSION 331
CHAPTER 15: The Differential Role of Prostaglandin E2 Receptors in the CNS Response to Systemic Immune Challenge 341
ABSTRACT 341
I. INTRODUCTION 341
II. SIGNALING MECHANISMS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE CNS 342
III. PATHWAYS ACTIVATED BY THE EP RECEPTORS 344
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDIES 353
CHAPTER 16: The Role of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Memory Processes and Neural Plasticity 359
I. INTRODUCTION 359
II. EFFECTS OF IL-1, IL-6, AND TNF-a ON LEARNING AND MEMORY IN RODENTS 364
III. MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE EFFECTS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES ON LEARNING AND MEMORY 375
IV. PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MEMORY FUNCTIONING IN HUMANS 382
V. GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 388
CHAPTER 17: Aging, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior 401
ABSTRACT 401
I. INTRODUCTION 401
II. BRAIN, MEET IMMUNE SYSTEM—IMMUNE SYSTEM, MEET BRAIN 402
III. IS NORMAL AGING ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROINFLAMMATION? 404
IV. ARE NEUROINFLAMMATION AND SICKNESS EXACERBATED IN THE AGED? 406
V. IF NEUROINFLAMMATION IS INCREASED, WHAT DOES IT MEAN? 407
VI. CODA 408
CHAPTER 18: Neuroimmune Interactions and Pain: The Role of Immune and Glial Cells 415
ABSTRACT 415
I. PAIN BASICS 415
II. THE PROBLEM OF CHRONIC PAIN 418
III. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: DISCOVERIES LEADING TO THE RECOGNITION OF IMMUNE/GLIAL INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC PAIN 418
IV. THE CONTRIBUTION OF PERIPHERAL IMMUNE CELLS TO CHRONIC PAIN 420
V. THE CONTRIBUTION OF CNS IMMUNE-LIKE GLIAL CELLS TO CHRONIC PAIN 423
VI. PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF GLIA: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 423
VII. PAIN ENHANCEMENT BY ACTIVATED SPINAL CORD GLIA 427
VIII. BEYOND CHRONIC PAIN: GLIAL CELLS OPPOSE THE PAIN-SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS 430
IX. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 431
CHAPTER 19: Cytokines and Non-immune Brain Injury 437
ABSTRACT 437
I. INTRODUCTION 437
II. EVIDENCE OF CYTOKINE INVOLVEMENT IN CNS INJURY AND DISEASE 438
III. CYTOKINES IN REPAIR AND RECOVERY AFTER CNS INJURY 443
IV. MECHANISMS OF CYTOKINE ACTIONS 444
V. CONCLUSIONS AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL 444
CHAPTER 20: The Interaction between Brain Infl ammation and Systemic Infection 451
ABSTRACT 451
I. INTRODUCTION 451
II. NEUROENDOCRINE-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE CNS 453
III. ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 455
IV. IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 457
V. CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATION AND MICROGLIAL PRIMING 461
VI. SUMMARY 466
PART III: BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 471
INTRODUCTION 471
CHAPTER 21: Mother-infant Interactions and the Development of Immunity from Conception through Weaning 477
ABSTRACT 477
I. INTRODUCTION 477
II. FETAL-INDUCED IMMUNE CHANGES IN THE MOTHER 479
III. PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF MATERNAL ANTIBODY TO THE FETUS 481
IV. ONTOGENY OF FETAL IMMUNITY 483
V. SOME IMPORTANT NUANCES OF IMMUNITY IN THE NEONATE 485
VI. SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF PRENATAL CONDITIONS ON LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTIONS 487
VII. INFLUENCES OF THE EARLY REARING ENVIRONMENT ON IMMUNITY 489
VIII. IMMUNE RESPONSES TO SOCIAL STRESSORS AND DISTURBANCE IN OLDER INFANTS 489
IX. CONCLUSIONS 491
CHAPTER 22: Social Dominance and Immunity in Animals 497
ABSTRACT 497
I. INTRODUCTION 497
II. ANIMAL MODELS 498
III. AN OVERVIEW OF AGGRESSION AND DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS 499
IV. DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS IN RODENTS 501
V. DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES 504
VI. DOES DOMINANCE MATTER? 513
CHAPTER 23: Social Context as an Individual Difference in Psychoneuroimmunology 519
I. INTRODUCTION 519
II. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH 520
III. PATHWAYS LINKING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND IMMUNE FUNCTIONS 520
IV. DEFINING AND MEASURING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS 522
V. EVIDENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMMUNE FUNCTIONS 523
VI. CONCLUSIONS 527
CHAPTER 24: Psychoneuroimmunology of Depressive Disorder: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications 531
I. INTRODUCTION 531
II. IMMUNOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSION 531
III. CLINICAL MODERATING FACTORS OF IMMUNE ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSION 534
IV. BIOLOGICAL MEDIATORS OF IMMUNE ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSION 537
V. BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSION 538
VI. FROM CYTOKINES TO DEPRESSION 540
VII. PATHWAYS LINKING IMMUNITY TO DEPRESSION 542
VIII. CYTOKINE ABNORMALITIES IN DEPRESSION: TREATMENT IMPLICATIONS 545
IX. CONCLUSION 546
CHAPTER 25: Immune and Neuroendocrine Alterations in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 553
I. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA, PTSD, AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 553
II. PTSD: ENDOCRINE 561
III. ENDOCRINE-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS IN PTSD 564
IV. CONCLUSION 565
CHAPTER 26: Psychoneuroimmunologic Aspects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse 571
I. INTRODUCTION 571
II. ALCOHOL, ALCOHOLISM, AND IMMUNITY 572
III. ALCOHOL, ALCOHOLISM, AND IMMUNITY: MEDIATING AND MODULATING FACTORS 574
IV. ALCOHOL, ALCOHOLISM, AND IMMUNITY: MECHANISMS 575
V. ALCOHOLISM AND IMMUNITY: CONSEQUENCES FOR DISEASE 576
VI. STIMULANTS AND IMMUNITY 577
VII. NICOTINE AND IMMUNITY 578
VIII. OPIATES AND IMMUNITY 578
IX. MARIJUANA AND OTHER SUBSTANCES 579
X. CONCLUDING COMMENTS 579
CHAPTER 27: Schizophrenia and Immunity 585
ABSTRACT 585
I. INTRODUCTION 585
II. MICROGLIA 586
III. ASTROGLIA 587
IV. ANTIBODIES 588
V. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) 590
VI. HUMORAL IMMUNITY 590
VII. CELLULAR IMMUNITY 591
VIII. CYTOKINES 591
IX. HYPOTHESES AND PERSPECTIVES 593
CHAPTER 28: Sleep and the Immune System 601
I. INTRODUCTION 601
II. OVERVIEW OF SLEEP AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 602
III. EFFECTS OF INFECTIONS ON SLEEP 606
IV. CYTOKINE REGULATION OF SLEEP 608
V. SLEEP MODULATION OF IMMUNITY 613
VI. DISORDERED SLEEP AND IMMUNITY: CLINICAL POPULATIONS 628
VII. SUMMARY 631
CHAPTER 29: Emotions and the Immune System 641
I. INTRODUCTION 641
II. IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING AFFECT IN PNI 641
III. CAN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM PLAY A ROLE IN SUPPORTING THE ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES ORCHESTRATED BY EMOTIONS? 642
IV. NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 643
V. DEPRESSION AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 644
VI. ANXIETY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 644
VII. ANGER, HOSTILITY, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 645
VIII. SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 646
IX. POSITIVE AFFECT AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 646
X. DIFFERENTIAL IMMUNE CORRELATES OF AFFECTIVE STATES 647
XI. SUMMARY 647
XII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 648
CHAPTER 30: Behaviorally Conditioned Enhancement of Immune Responses 653
ABSTRACT 653
I. INTRODUCTION WITH A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 653
II. THE PHENOMENON OF BEHAVIORALLY CONDITIONED ENHANCEMENT OF IMMUNE RESPONSES 658
III. CLINICAL AND ADAPTIVE RELEVANCE OF CONDITIONED IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT 674
IV. SUMMARY 676
CHAPTER 31: Exercise and Immunity: Clinical Studies 683
ABSTRACT 683
I. INTRODUCTION 683
II. EXERCISE, IMMUNITY, AND URTI RISK 684
III. ATHLETIC ENDEAVOR AND URTI 690
IV. CONCLUSIONS 692
CHAPTER 32: Behavioral Interventions: Immunologic Mediators and Disease Outcomes 697
I. INTRODUCTION 697
II. STRESSORS, AFFECT, ENDOCRINES, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HUMANS 698
III. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, STRESS RESPONSES, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 705
IV. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION-PNI PARADIGMS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 710
V. CONCLUSION 717
PART IV: STRESS AND IMMUNITY 727
INTRODUCTION 727
CHAPTER 33: Stress: A System of the Whole 731
I. INTRODUCTION 731
II. SYSTEM 1: THE IN UTERO ENVIRONMENT 733
III. SYSTEM 2: THE STRESS SYSTEM INFLUENCES EARLY STAGES OF LIFE 735
IV. SYSTEM 3: PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HEALTH 735
V. THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS ON PARAMETERS OF HEALTH 737
VI. STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE 739
VII. CAN A SYSTEM BE DEVELOPED THAT WILL REDUCE THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF STRESS ON HEALTH? 739
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 740
CHAPTER 34: Bi-directional Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Possible Explanations for Salubrious as Well as Harmful Effects 745
I. INTRODUCTION 745
II. ACUTE STRESS-INDUCED ENHANCEMENT OF IMMUNE FUNCTION: AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE 746
III. PARADOXICAL OBSERVATIONS REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION 748
IV. STRESS-INDUCED REDISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNE CELLS 748
V. STRESS-INDUCED ENHANCEMENT OF IMMUNE FUNCTION 753
VI. STRESS-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION 755
VII. IMMUNOENHANCING EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES 756
VIII. IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES 759
IX. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HPA-AXIS REACTIVITY—EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE TO AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, INFECTION, AND CANCER 763
X. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE WHETHER STRESS WILL ENHANCE OR SUPPRESS IMMUNE FUNCTION 764
XI. THE STRESS SPECTRUM 769
XII. CONCLUSIONS 770
CHAPTER 35: Positive Affect and Immune Function 783
I. INTRODUCTION 783
II. POSITIVE AFFECT 783
III. THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PA AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 784
IV. CLINICAL CONTEXT: POSITIVE AFFECT AND HEALTH 791
V. POTENTIAL PATHWAYS LINKING PA AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 793
VI. TRAIT PA AND OTHER RELATED PERSONALITY CONSTRUCTS 795
VII. PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS 795
VIII. SUMMARY 796
CHAPTER 36: Close Relationships and Immunity 803
I. INTRODUCTION 803
II. KEY FINDINGS IN CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 804
III. INTERVENTIONS 813
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 814
CHAPTER 37: Stress and Allergic Diseases 821
I. INTRODUCTION 821
II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF ALLERGIC DISEASES 823
III. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES 824
IV. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ALLERGIC DISEASES 827
V. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO ALLERGIC DISEASES 828
VI. GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN THE EXPRESSION OF ALLERGIC PHENOTYPE 829
VII. NEURAL CONTROL OF THE AIRWAYS 831
VIII. IMMUNE DYSREGULATION IN ALLERGIC DISEASE 832
IX. EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS ON TH1/TH2 BALANCE 833
X. EVIDENCE FOR STRESS TRIGGERING EXACERBATION OF ALLERGIC DISEASES 834
XI. POTENTIAL FOR INTERVENTION IN STRESS-RELATED ALLERGIC DISEASES 835
XII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 837
XIII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH IN STRESS AND ALLERGIC DISEASES 838
CHAPTER 38: Stress, Neuroendocrine Hormones, and Wound Healing: Human Models 847
I. OVERVIEW 847
II. STRESS AND NEUROENDOCRINE ACTIVATION 847
III. EFFECT OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON WOUND HEALING 848
IV. EFFECTS OF CATECHOLAMINES ON WOUND HEALING 848
V. STRESS AND WOUND HEALING 849
VI. STRESS, PHAGOCYTE FUNCTION, AND MICROBIAL INFECTION 850
VII. ROLE OF SEX HORMONES ON WOUND HEALING 850
VIII. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WOUND HEALING 852
IX. THE HEALING OF DERMAL VERSUS MUCOSAL WOUNDS 852
X. WOUND HEALING IN THE AGED 853
XI. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 854
CHAPTER 39: Stress and Wound Healing: Animal Models 859
I. INTRODUCTION 859
II. THE INFLAMMATORY PHASE OF WOUND REPAIR 859
III. THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OF WOUND REPAIR 866
IV. THE REMODELING PHASE OF WOUND REPAIR 868
V. CONCLUSIONS 869
CHAPTER 40: Reactivation of Latent Herpes Viruses in Astronauts 873
I. INTRODUCTION 873
II. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT 873
III. SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT 874
IV. LIMITATIONS OF SPACE FLIGHT INVESTIGATIONS 874
V. STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH SPACE FLIGHT 875
VI. NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE RESPONSES 875
VII. SPACE FLIGHT STUDIES OF REACTIVATION OF LATENT HERPES VIRUSES 878
VIII. MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LATENT VIRUS REACTIVATION IN SPACE FLIGHT 885
IX. SUMMARY 886
X. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 886
CHAPTER 41: Psychosocial Influences in Oncology: An Expanded Model of Biobehavioral Mechanisms 891
I. BIOBEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES ON DISEASE PROGRESSION 891
II. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN CANCER INITIATION AND PROGRESSION 892
III. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE CONTEXT OF CANCER 896
IV. IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS AND TUMOR CONTROL 900
V. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS 903
VI. STRESS AND VIRAL ACTIVATION 905
VII. STRESS, DNA REPAIR AND APOPTOSIS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER 905
VIII. NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION AND CANCER PROGRESSION 906
IX. IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CANCER PATIENTS: BI-DIRECTIONAL PATHWAYS 907
X. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 908
CHAPTER 42: Stress-associated Immune Dysregulation Can Affect Antibody and T-cell Responses to Vaccines 919
I. INTRODUCTION 919
II. THE VACCINE RESPONSE 919
III. AN OVERVIEW OF VACCINATION STUDIES IN PNI 921
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 936
PART V: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 939
MIND BODY INTERACTIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE 939
CHAPTER 43: Psychoneuroimmunological Pathways Involved in Acute Coronary Syndromes 943
I. IMMUNE SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN CORONARY DISEASE PROGRESSION 943
II. PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE 950
III. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 958
CHAPTER 44: Psychosocial Factors and Coronary Heart Disease: The Role of Psychoneuroimmunological Processes 967
I. THE PROBLEM OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE 967
II. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN CHD 968
III. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHD 972
IV. PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL STUDIES 982
V. CONCLUSIONS 992
CHAPTER 45: Endocrine and Immune Responses to Stress in Chronic Infl ammatory Skin Disorder (Atopic Dermatitis) 997
ABSTRACT 997
I. GENERAL ASPECTS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS 997
II. ENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE RESPONSES TO STRESS IN AD 1002
III. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1008
CHAPTER 46: Obesity and Immunity 1015
I. OBESITY AND IMMUNITY 1015
II. OBESITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY INFLAMMATION 1015
III. OVERNUTRITION AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1020
IV. IMMUNE DISORDERS AND OBESITY 1021
V. CONCLUSIONS 1025
CHAPTER 47: Endogenous Extracellular Hsp72 Release Is an Adaptive Feature of the Acute Stress Response 1035
ABSTRACT 1035
I. INTRODUCTION 1035
II. STRESS AND INTRACELLULAR HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 72 (HSP72) 1036
III. STRESS AND ENDOGENOUS EXTRACELLULAR HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 1037
IV. RELEASING SIGNAL(S), AND CELLULAR SOURCE(S) OF STRESS-INDUCED EXTRACELLULAR HSP72 1040
V. IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION(S) OF EXTRACELLULAR HSP72 1045
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 1049
CHAPTER 48: Cold-Restraint-induced Immune and Biochemical Changes Inhibit Host Resistance to Listeria 1057
I. INTRODUCTION: NEUROIMMUNE INTERACTIONS AND HOST DEFENSES 1057
II. SHORT-TERM COLD-RESTRAINT TREATMENT: A MODEL FOR STRESS-RELATED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION 1058
III. HOST RESISTANCE TO LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION IS IMPAIRED BY COLD-RESTRAINT TREATMENT 1059
IV. b-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND SIGNALING IN IMMUNE AND NON-IMMUNE CELLS 1064
CHAPTER 49: Psychobiology of HIV Infection 1075
I. INTRODUCTION 1075
II. HIV PATHOGENESIS 1075
III. NEUROENDOCRINE INFLUENCES ON HIV PATHOGENESIS 1077
IV. PSYCHOSOCIAL INFLUENCES ON HIV PROGRESSION 1081
V. PROSPECTS 1086
CHAPTER 50: Stress-induced Modulation of the Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infections 1099
I. INTRODUCTION TO STRESS-HSV INTERACTIONS 1099
II. INTRODUCTION TO HSV 1100
III. IMMUNITY TO HSV INFECTION 1101
IV. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND IMMUNITY—A BRIEF OVERVIEW 1102
V. STRESS AND THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HSV 1103
VI. STRESS AND THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HSV 1104
VII. THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF HSV INFECTION 1108
VIII. PREVENTING HSV INFECTIONS—THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF STRESS 1110
IX. DECIPHERING THE STRESS-HSV RELATIONSHIP—FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 1111
X. CONCLUDING REMARKS 1114
CHAPTER 51: Stress-induced Modulation of Innate Resistance and Adaptive Immunity to Influenza Viral Infection 1119
ABSTRACT 1119
I. INTRODUCTION 1119
II. RODENT STRESSORS AND THE STRESS RESPONSE 1120
III. GLUCOCORTICOIDS, GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS, AND LEUKOCYTES 1120
IV. IMPACT OF STRESS ON ANTI-INFLUENZA IMMUNITY 1121
V. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE: FRIEND OR FOE? 1125
VI. SUMMARY 1125
CHAPTER 52: Social Stress Alters the Severity of a Virally Initiated Model of Multiple Sclerosis 1129
I. INTRODUCTION 1129
II. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 1129
III. THEILER’S VIRUS INFECTION AS A MODEL FOR MS 1131
IV. STRESS AND MS 1132
V. SOCIAL STRESS AND IMMUNE CHALLENGE 1133
VI. THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL DISRUPTION STRESS ON TMEV INFECTION 1134
VII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 1140
Author Index 1147
Subject Index 1271