Cat Primary Visual Cortex (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
PREFACE 14
Chapter 1. The Concept of Cat Primary Visual Cortex 20
Prologue 20
Milestones in the Development of the Concept of Cat Primary Visual Cortex 30
Connections 44
Composition of Area 17 58
Comparison of the Architectonics of Areas 17 and 18 and Identification of Borders 78
Visual Maps in Areas 17 and 18 82
Circuitry and Signal Processing in Areas 17 and 18 95
Visually Guided Behavior 119
Synthesis 121
Recent Challenges to the Primacy of Areas 17 and 18 125
Epilogue 127
Chapter 2. Optical Imaging of Functional Architecture in Cat Primary Visual Cortex 150
Introduction 150
Methodological Aspects of Optical Imaging 151
Optical Imaging of Functional Maps in Cat Visual Cortex 155
Relationships Between Columnar Systems 171
Comparison with the Functional Architecture in Other Species 175
Concluding Remarks 177
Chapter 3. 2-Deoxyglucose Architecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex 186
Introduction 186
Orientation Domains 189
Ocular Dominance Domains 192
Spatial Frequency Domains 197
Development and Experience-Dependent Changes of Cortical Maps 198
Advantages and Disadvantages of the 2-DG Technique 205
Outlook 207
Chapter 4. Functional Mapping in The Cat Primary Visual Cortex Using High Magnetic Fields 214
Introduction 214
Limitations of Current Techniques, or Why We Need Another Mapping Technique 215
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 215
Functional MRI of the Cat Primary Visual Cortex 219
Conclusions 234
Chapter 5. Relationship of LGN Afferents and Cortical Efferents to Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs 240
Parallel Processing in the Mammalian Visual System 240
Organization of CO Staining in Cat Primary Visual Cortex 242
Geniculate Inputs to the CO Blobs 247
Molecular Markers for Other Blob/Interblob Inputs 251
Outputs of the CO Blobs 254
Projections to Area 19 263
Comparisons with Primates 267
Conclusions 270
Chapter 6. Influmence of Topography and Ocular Dominace on The Functional Organization of Callosal Connections in Cat Striate Cortex 278
Introduction 278
The Vertical Meridian Rule 279
Callosal Fibers Interlink Cortical Sites That are in Retinotopic, Rather Than Anatomical, Correspondence 281
Interhemispheric Correlated Activity Guides Callosal Development 287
Summary and Concluding Remarks 305
Chapter 7. Essential and Sustaining LGN Inputs to Cat Primary Visual Cortex 314
Introduction 314
The Reversible Inactivation Technique 315
Two Circuits in Area 17 316
Area 18: More Integrative Than Area 17 327
Functional Architecture of Visual Cortex 329
Chapter 8. Integration of Thalamic Input to Cat Primary Visual Cortex 338
Introduction 338
Simple Receptive Fields 339
Numerical Aspects of the Geniculocortical Projection 342
Feedforward (Thalamic) Connections and Simple Cell Responses 345
Intrinsic Connections and Simple-Cell Responses 353
Conclusions 356
Chapter 9. The Emergence of Direction Selectivity in Cat Primary Visual Cortex 362
Overview 362
Directional Tuning: The Basics 363
Computational Requirements for Direction Selectivity 365
Biological Instantiation of Computational Principles 367
Origins of Cortical Timings: The Lagged/Nonlagged Cell Model 370
Comparison with Recent Models 376
Intracortical Inhibition: Experimental Evidence 379
How are Inputs Combined? 387
Intralaminar and Interlaminar Interactions 395
Summary and Conclusions 396
Future Directions 397
Chapter 10. Long-Intrinsic Connections in Cat Primary Visual Cortex 406
Introduction 406
Historical Overview 407
Layout of Long-Range Horizontal Connections 409
Types of Neurons Forming Long-Range Horizontal Connections 412
Synaptic Targets of Long-Range Intrinsic Connections 413
Divergence and Convergence of Long-Range Horizontal Connections at the Ultrastructural Level 414
Topographic Relations between Long-Range Intrinsic Connections and Functional Cortical Maps 415
Possible Functions 426
Plasticity of Long-Range Connections in the Adult 429
Conclusions 435
Chapter 11. Pharmacological Studies on Receptive Field Architecture 446
Receptive Field Architecture in Cat Striate Cortex Cells 446
Specific Local Synaptic Input Systems to Striate Cortex Cells 448
Striate Cortical Network Effects on RF Properties 466
Chapter 12. Orientation Selevtivity and Its Modulation by Local and Long-Range Connection in Visual Cortex 490
Overview and Introduction 490
Contributions of Local Cortical Excitation to the Generation of Orientation Selectivity: The Emergent Model 492
Effect of Long-Range Connections on Orientation-Speci.c Responses 507
Supraoptimal Responses and Dynamic Properties of Recurrent Inhibition 516
Short-Term Plasticity of Orientation Tuning Induced by Pattern Adaptation 524
Concluding Remarks 529
Chapter 13. Response Synchronization, Gamma Oscillations, and Perceptual Binding in Cat Primary Visual Cortex 540
Introduction 540
Two Complimentary Strategies for the Representation of Relations: Smart Neurons and Assemblies 542
A Need for Dynamic Response Selection and Binding 544
Dynamic Grouping Mechanisms 549
Predictions 552
Response Synchronization in Striate Cortex 552
Response Synchronization, Mechanisms and Properties 553
Relation between Response Synchronization and Perceptual Phenomena 556
Dependency on Central States and Attention 561
Plasticity of Synchronizing Connections 565
The Impact of Synchronized Responses 568
Gamma Oscillations and Visual Perceptions in Human Subjects 570
Stimulus Locked Synchronization and Perceptual Grouping 571
Conclusions 572
Chapter 14. The Special Relationship Between ß Retinal Ganglion Cells and Cat Primary Visual Cortex 580
Introduction 580
Identification of Subsystems and Connections 582
Visual System Connections and Function in the Newborn 598
Visual Cortex Lesions 599
Factors Linked to Survival and Death of Ganglion Cells 609
Primates 613
Summary 616
Chapter 15. Primary Visual Cortex Within the Cortico-Network 628
Introduction 628
Function 630
Structure 638
Structure-Function Relationships 660
Conclusions 664
Chapter 16. Behavioral Analyses of The Contributions of Cat Primary Visual Cortex to Vision 674
Introduction 674
The Behavioral Consequences of Lesions of the Visual Cortex 675
Insights Gained from Cats Reared with Selected Forms of Early Visual Deprivation 705
Conclusions 706
Index 714