International Review of Cytology (eBook)

Cover Page 1
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Adaptations for Nocturnal Vision in Insect Apposition Eyes 12
I. Introduction 12
II. The Structure and Design of Compound Eyes 13
A. Apposition Eyes 14
B. Neural Superposition Eyes 16
C. Superposition Eyes 17
D. Implications of Eye Design for Nocturnal Vision 17
III. Nocturnal Life with Apposition Eyes 18
A. Crepuscular and Nocturnal Bees 18
B. Other Nocturnal Insects with Apposition Eyes 22
C. Advantages of Being Nocturnal 23
IV. Limitations to Vision at Low Light Intensities 23
A. Visual Noise 23
B. Resolution vs. Sensitivity 24
V. Adaptations for Vision in Dim Light 25
A. Optical Adaptations 25
B. Neural Adaptations 35
C. A Model of Neural Summation 45
VI. Concluding Remarks 50
Acknowledgments 51
References 51
Chapter 2: Kinase and Phosphatase: The Cog and Spring of the Circadian Clock 58
I. Introduction 58
II. Protein Phosphorylation and Clock Functions 60
A. Circadian Rhythms 60
B. Clock Functions in Animals, Fungi, and Bacteria 61
C. Clock-Associated Processes in Plants 70
III. Other Approaches to Understanding the Roles of Protein Phosphorylation in the Plant Circadian Clock 74
A. Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay 74
B. Pharmacological Approaches 75
C. Microarray- and Gene Chip-Based Approaches 76
IV. Concluding Remarks 77
Acknowledgments 78
References 79
Chapter 3: A Model for Lymphatic Regeneration in Tissue Repair of the Intestinal Muscle Coat 84
I. Introduction 84
II. Basic Structure of Lymphatic Vessels 85
III. Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Markers 87
A. 5'-Nucleotidase (5'-Nase) 87
B. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR)-3 88
C. LYVE-1 91
D. Prox1 91
E. Podoplanin 92
IV. Organization of Lymphatics in the Intestinal Muscle Coat 93
V. Development of Lymphatics in the Intestinal Muscle Coat 96
VI. Regeneration of Lymphatics in the Intestinal Muscle Coat 99
A. Lymphatic Regeneration 100
B. Mechanism of Lymphatic Regeneration 106
VII. Concluding Remarks 108
References 110
Chapter 4: Calcium Homeostasis in Human Placenta: Role of Calcium-Handling Proteins 120
I. Introduction 120
II. The Human Placenta 122
A. Implantation and Invasion 122
B. Placental Formation 124
III. Placental Transport Functions 127
A. Generality 127
B. The Syncytiotrophoblast 127
C. Transport Mechanisms 128
D. Calcium Homeostasis during Pregnancy 130
E. Factors Involved in Transplacental Calcium Movement 132
IV. Factors Associated With Decreased Calcium Accretion During Pregnancy 158
V. Concluding Remarks 160
References 162
Chapter 5: New Insights into the Cell Biology of the Marginal Zone of the Spleen 186
I. Introduction 186
II. Cells of the Marginal Zone 188
A. Macrophages 188
B. Metallophilic Macrophages 193
C. B Cells 195
III. Marginal Zone as a Transit Area for Lymphocytes 203
IV. Functions of the Spleen in Host Defense 206
A. Marginal Zone and T-Independent Immune Responses 207
B. Marginal Zone and T-Dependent Immune Responses 208
C. Autoimmunity and Tolerance 208
V. Embryonic Development of the Marginal Zone of the Spleen 209
A. Development of the Spleen 209
B. Development of the Marginal Zone 211
C. Molecules Involved in the Organization of the Marginal Zone 211
VI. Concluding Remarks 214
References 214
Chapter 6: Cell Biology of T Cell Activation and Differentiation 228
I. Introduction 228
A. Mammalian Immune Response 228
B. Th1/Th2 Concept 230
II. Cell Biology of Dendritic Cells 231
A. Antigen Processing and Presentation 231
B. Subpopulations of Dendritic Cells 234
C. Dendritic Cell Activation 234
D. Dendritic Cell Migration 236
III. Subpopulations of T Cells 237
IV. Immunological Synapses 240
A. Description of Immunological Synapses 240
B. Interactions between Transmembrane Proteins 243
C. Role of Lipid Rafts 244
D. Role of the Extracellular Matrix 246
E. Actin Cytoskeleton Rearrangements 247
F. Special Delivery of Vesicles 248
V. T Cell Activation 249
VI. T Cell Differentiation 256
A. Activation of Cytokine Gene Expression 256
B. Commitment of the Cells 259
C. Silencing of the Opposing Cytokine Genes 261
D. Physical Stabilization 262
VII. T Cell Migration 262
VIII. Tolerance 267
IX. Concluding Remarks 270
Acknowledgments 272
References 272
Index 286