International Review of Neurobiology (eBook)

Cover Page 1
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Chromosome 22 Deletion Syndrome And Schizophrenia 12
I. Introduction 12
II. 22q11DS: Mechanism of the Deletion 13
III. 22q11DS: Clinical Phenotype 15
IV. 22q11DS: Psychosis 16
V. 22q11DS: Neuropathology 17
VI. 22q11DS: Positional Cloning Schizophrenia Susceptibility Loci 18
VII. 22q11DS: Murine Models 20
VIII. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase 22
IX. Conclusions 29
References 31
Chapter 2: Characterization of Proteome of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid 40
I. Introduction 41
II. Materials and Methods 42
A. Collection of Human CSF by Lumbar Puncture and Exclusion Criteria 42
B. CSF Sample Preparation and Fractionation with SDS-PAGE 43
C. In-Gel Digestion 44
D. Protein Identification Using LC Followed by LCQ-MS 44
E. Protein Identification Using Off-Line SCX Chromatography Followed by LTQ-FT MS 44
F. Data Processing and Analysis 45
III. Results 46
A. Proteins Identified by muLC-LCQ-MS/MS 46
B. Proteins Identified by nanoLC-LTQ-FT MS/MS Following Off-Line SCX Separation 46
C. Reexamination of Previously Identified Proteins 84
D. Discussion 85
Acknowledgments 107
References 107
Chapter 3: Hormonal Pathways Regulating Intermale And Interfemale Aggression 110
I. Introduction 110
A. Common Regulatory Concepts in Males and Females 112
II. Females 114
A. DHEA as a Neurosteroid 114
III. Males 118
A. Regulation in the Adult 119
B. Neural Steroid Receptors 119
IV. Hormonal Modulation of Serotonin Function 124
V. Conclusions 127
Acknowledgments 128
References 128
Chapter 4: Neuronal GAP Junctions: Expression, Function, And Implications For Behavior 136
I. A Brief History of Gap Junctions 136
II. Gap Junction Structure 138
III. Gap Junctions in the Brain 140
IV. Electrical Coupling in the Brain 143
V. Properties and Function of Electrical Synapses 146
VI. Modulation of Electrical Synapses and Gap-Junctional Coupling 148
VII. Use-Dependent Plasticity 148
VIII. Local Factors: Voltage, pH, and Calcium 149
IX. Neurotransmitter and Second Messenger Modulation 150
X. Concluding Remarks 152
References 153
Chapter 5: Effects of Genes and Stress on the Neurobiology of Depression 164
I. Introduction 165
II. Stress and Depression 165
III. Genetics and Depression 166
IV. Serotonergic System 168
V. Candidate Gene Studies of the Serotonergic System 170
A. Serotonin Transporter 170
B. Serotonin Receptors 173
C. Other Serotonin Receptors 173
D. Tryptophan Hydroxylase 174
VI. Current Stress and the Serotonergic System 174
A. Early Life Stress and the Serotonergic System 175
VII. Gene Stress Interaction 176
VIII. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis 177
A. Genetics and the HPA Axis 177
B. Early Life Stress and the HPA Axis 178
IX. Noradrenergic System 179
A. Genetics and the Noradrenergic System 180
B. Current Stress and the Noradrenergic System 180
C. Early Life Stress and the Noradrenergic System 181
X. Dopaminergic System in Depression 181
A. Genetics and the Dopaminergic System 182
B. Current Stress and the Dopaminergic System 182
C. Early Life Stress and the Dopaminergic System 183
XI. GABAergic System 183
A. Genetics and the GABAergic System 183
B. Early Life Stress and the GABAergic System 184
XII. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor 184
A. Genetics and BDNF 184
B. Current Stress and BDNF 185
C. Early Life Stress and BDNF 185
XIII. Conclusions 186
References 186
Chapter 6: Quantitative Imaging with the Micro-pet Small-Animal Pet Tomograph 202
I. Introduction 203
II. Setup and Calibration 204
A. Scanner Setup 204
B. Calibration 204
C. Quality Control 205
D. External Radioactivity Measurements 205
E. Animal Positioning 205
III. Physical Corrections 206
A. Randoms 206
B. Deadtime 207
C. Attenuation 207
D. Scatter 209
E. Normalization 210
F. Natural Background Radioactivity of LSO 212
IV. Image Reconstruction 214
V. Data Analysis 219
A. Anatomical Segmentation and Image Registration 219
B. Partial Volume Correction 222
VI. Conclusions 226
References 227
Chapter 7: Understanding Myelination Through Studying Its Evolution 230
I. Introduction 231
II. Evidence that Glial Cells First Interacted with Large Axons in a "Nonmyelin" Relationship 232
III. Myelin-like Sheaths in Invertebrates 236
A. Morphological Considerations 236
B. Physiological Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers 239
C. Biochemical Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers 240
D. Concluding Remarks on Invertebrate Fiber Myelination 241
IV. Vertebrate Myelinated Nervous System 242
A. Morphological Features 242
B. Biochemical and Molecular Features of Vertebrate Myelin Sheaths 251
C. Differentiation of Myelinating CNS and PNS Glial Cells 255
V. Use of Comparative Myelin Studies to Understand CNS Regeneration 255
A. Myelin Inhibition, a Historical Perspective 255
B. Characterization of Regeneration Inhibitors in Mammals 256
C. Phylogeny of CNS Regeneration 257
D. Comparative Genomics of the Myelin Inhibitory Machinery 259
E. CNS Regeneration Despite Myelin Inhibitors-Does the Immune System Make the Difference? 261
F. Conclusion: Collision of Biological Necessity and Clinical Needs 265
VI. Future Studies of Myelin Evolution 266
Acknowledgments 266
References 266
Index 286
Contents of Recent Volumes 294