Vitamins and Hormones (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contributors 16
Preface 20
Chapter 1. Molecular Biology of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 22
I. Introduction 23
II. Immunological and Functional Characteristics 24
III. Cell Cycle and Differentiation Control 27
IV. Adhesion Molecules in Hematopoiesis and Stem Cell Trafficking 31
V. Aging and Telomeres 34
VI. Trandifferentiation and Developmental Plasticity 38
VII. Conclusions 40
References 40
Chapter 2. Aldosterone: Its Receptor, Target Genes, and Actions 50
I. Introduction 51
II. Physiological Actions of Aldosterone 53
III. Molecular Basis of Mineralocorticoid Action 58
IV. Aldosterone Action in Epithelia: Afforded by 11B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2 63
V. Genetic Mouse Models in the Investigation of Aldosterone Action 67
VI. Aldosterone Target Genes That Mediate Physiological Responses 69
VII. Controversies with Aldosterone 78
VIII. Concluding Remarks 82
References 83
Chapter 3. Corticosteroid Receptors, 11B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase, and the Heart 98
I. Introduction 100
II. Corticosteroid Hormones 100
III. Corticosteroid Receptors 101
IV. Mechanism of Action of Corticosteroid Receptor 105
V. Modulators of Corticosteroid Signaling 108
VI. Heart 112
VII. Summary 122
References 123
Chapter 4. Forms of Mineralocorticoid Hypertension 134
I. Introduction 135
II. Evolution, Salt, and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 136
III. Key Elements of Mineralocorticoid Activity 138
IV. Mineralocorticoid Hypertension 145
V. Primary Aldosteronism 146
VI. Genetic Forms of Mineralocorticoid Hypertension 156
VII. Aldosterone–Dependent Essential Hypertension 163
References 164
Chapter 5. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Cardiovascular System 178
I. Introduction 179
II. Discovery, Structure, and Tissue Distribution of PPARs, 180
III. PPARs Ligands 181
IV. Mechanisms of Action of PPARs 183
V. PPARy in the Cardiovascular System 184
VI. PPARa in the Cardiovascular System 191
VII. PPARd in the Cardiovascular System 194
VIII. Conclusions 196
References 197
Chapter 6. Serotonin and the Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease 210
I. Overview of Serotonin 211
II. Neuroanatomy of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 216
III. Serotonin and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 224
IV. Physiological Interactions 233
V. Pathophysiological Interactions 241
VI. Concluding Remarks 249
References 250
Chapter 7. The Thymosins: Prothymosin a, Parathymosin, and B-Thymosin: Structure and Function 278
I. Introduction 279
II. Polypeptide B1 280
III. a-Thymosins and Prothymosin a 281
IV. Parathymosin 291
V. B -Thymosins 294
VI. Conclusions 305
References 306
Chapter 8. Thymosin B4 Interactions 318
I. B-Thymosin Structure 319
II. Thymosin B4 and the Actin Cytoskeleton 320
III. Assays for Thymosin B4-Actin Interactions 327
IV. Ternary Complexes 330
V. Thymosin B4 Ligands in Immunity and Inflammation 333
Chapter 9. Polypeptide Hormones: Signaling Molecules in Plants 338
I. Introduction 339
II. Systemin and Systemin-like Peptides 339
III. Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) 342
IV. ENOD40 and Root Nodulation 343
V. CLAVATA3 and Meristem Organization 345
VI. Phytosulfokines 348
VII. Brassica Self-Incompatibility 351
VIII. Polaris (PLS) 355
IX. Conclusion 358
References 358
Chapter 10. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP): A Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Protein with Distinct Paracrine and Intracrine Roles 366
I. Introduction 367
II. Paracrine and Intracrine Actions of PTHrP 368
III. The Nuclear Import Mechanism of PTHrP 377
IV. Nuclear Transport of Polypeptide Ligands 389
V. Nuclear Export Pathway of PTHrP 391
VI. Functional Role of PTHrP in the Nucleus/Nucleolus 393
VII. Future Prospects 395
References 396
Chapter 11. Nerve Growth Factor-Dependent Regulation of Nade-Induced Apoptosis 406
I. Background 407
II. Structural Features of NADE 410
III. NADE Isoforms 411
IV. Genomic Structure of NADE Genes 412
V. Expression of NADE 413
VI. Association of NADE with P75NTR 414
VII. 14-3-3 Protein Interacts with NADE 416
VIII. NADE Is Involved in NGF-Induces Apoptosis via P75NTR 416
IX. Future Directions 419
References 420
Chapter 12. Membrane Transport of Folates 424
I. Introduction 426
II. Reduced Folate Carrier (RFC), a Member of the SLC19 Family of Transporters 426
III. Transport of Folates by SLC21 Organic Anion Carriers 448
IV. Folate Transporters That Operate Optimally at Low pH: The Mechanism of Folate Transport in Intestinal Cells 449
V. The Family of Folate Receptors (FRs) 451
VI. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins (MRPs) and Their Impact on the Transport of Folates 455
VII. Transport of Folates by Other ABC Exporters 457
VIII. Factors That Influence Concentrative Folate Transport in Cells 458
IX. The Localization of Folate Transport in Epithelia 460
X. The Role if Folate Transporters in Mouse Development 462
References 462
Chapter 13. Vitamin A and Infancy: Biochemical, Functional, and Clinical Aspects 478
I. A Premise 479
II. Vitamin A: Intestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Tissue Delivery 480
III. Intracellular Metabolism 485
IV. Retinol and Embryogenesis: Mechanism of Action and Importance 491
V. Retinol and Infancy 520
VI. Altered Vitamin A Levels and Childhood Pathologies 530
VII. Few Final Considerations 556
References 557
Index 614