Hormones (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Hormones 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface to the First Edition 14
Preface to the Second Edition 18
Chapter 1. General Considerations of Hormones 22
I. Overview of Hormones, Receptors, and Endocrinology 22
II. Biosynthesis of Hormones 30
III. Hormone Receptors 38
IV. Mechanism of Hormonal Action 54
V. Summary 67
Chapter 2. Steroid Hormones: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Metabolism 70
I. Introduction 70
II. Chemistry of Steroids 72
II. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol 78
IV. Biosynthesis of Steroids 86
V. Properties of Enzymes Involved in Steroid Metabolism 96
VI. Plasma Transport, Catabolism, and Excretion of Steroid Hormones 102
Chapter 3. Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones 108
I. Introduction 108
II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships 111
III. Chemistry 113
IV. Biochemistry 117
V. Clinical Aspects 125
Chapter 4. Posterior Pituitary Hormones 130
I. Introduction 130
II. Anatomy and Development of the Posterior Pituitary 132
III. Chemistry 132
IV. Biochemistry 135
V. Biological and Molecular Actions 139
VI. Clinical Aspects 149
Chapter 5. Anterior Pituitary Hormones 154
I. Introduction 154
II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships 156
III. Chemistry 158
IV. Biochemistry 163
V. Prolactin 163
VI. Growth Hormone 170
VII. B-Lipotropin 180
VIII. Thyrotropic Hormone 182
IX. ACTH 183
X. Gonadotropic Hormones LH and FSH 183
XI. ACTH Receptor 185
XII. Clinical Aspects 187
Chapter 6. Thyroid Hormones 190
I. Introduction 190
II. Anatomical and Morphological Relationships 191
III. Chemistry 192
IV. Biochemistry 193
V. Biological and Molecular Actions 204
VI. Clinical Aspects 210
Chapter 7. Pancreatic Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon 214
I. Introduction 214
II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships 218
III. Chemistry 222
IV. Biochemistry 227
V. Biological and Molecular Actions 238
VI. Clinical Aspects 245
Chapter 8. Gastrointestinal Hormones 250
I. Introduction 250
II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships 252
III. Chemistry and Biochemistry 257
IV. Biological and Molecular Actions 264
V. Clinical Aspects 268
Chapter 9. Calcium-Regulating Hormones: Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Calcitonin 272
I. Introduction 272
II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships 274
III. Chemistry and Biochemistry 279
IV. Biology and Physiological Significance 283
V. Clinical Aspects 296
Chapter 10. Adrenal Corticoids 302
I. Introduction 302
II. Anatomy, Development, and Cellular Fine Structure of the Adrenal Cortex 304
III. Chemistry and Biochemistry 306
IV. Biological and Molecular Actions 316
V. Glucocorticoid Receptor 327
VI. Zona Reticularis and Dehydroepiandrosterone 331
VII. Mineralocorticoid Hormone 331
VIII. Clinical Aspects 336
Chapter 11. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla 340
I. Introduction 340
II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships 341
III. Chemistry 342
IV. Hormone Action and Biochemistry 344
V. Actions of Epinephrine 349
VI. Enkephalins 358
VII. Clinical Aspects 359
Chapter 12. Androgens 362
I. Introduction 362
II. Anatomical and Morphological Relationships of the Male Reproductive System 363
III. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biological Responses 366
IV. Physiological Relationships 371
V. Molecular Actions 376
VI. Clinical Aspects 379
Chapter 13. Estrogens and Progestins 382
I. Introduction 382
II. Anatomical and Morphological Relationships of the Female Reproductive System 383
III. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biological Responses 388
IV. Physiological Relationships 390
V. Biological and Molecular Actions 394
VI. Clinical Aspects 401
Chapter 14. Hormones of Pregnancy and Lactation 408
I. Introduction 408
II. Anatomical and Morphological Relationships 409
III. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biological Responses 412
IV. Cell Biology and Molecular Actions 421
V. Clinical Aspects 430
Chapter 15. Hormones Related to the Kidney and Cardiovascular System 434
I. Introduction 434
II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships 435
III. Homeostasis of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Blood Pressure 441
IV. Hormones and Blood Cell Production 455
V. Hormones and Inflammation 460
VI. Clinical Aspects 461
Chapter 16. Prostaglandins 466
I. Introduction 466
II. Chemistry 471
III. Biochemistry 471
IV. Biological Actions 475
V. Leukotrienes (LTs) 480
VI. Clinical Aspects 488
Chapter 17. Thymus Hormones 492
I. Introduction 492
II. Anatomical and Morphological Relationships 495
III. Cell Biology 496
IV. Chemistry and Biochemistry 497
V. Biological and Molecular Actions 503
VI. Clinical Aspects 504
Chapter 18. Pineal Hormones 506
I. Introduction 506
II. Development 507
III. Anatomy and Cell Biology 508
IV. Chemistry 509
V. Biochemistry 509
VI. Biological and Molecular Actions 511
VII. Clinical Aspects 515
Chapter 19. Cell Growth Factors 518
I. Growth Factor Signal Transduction 518
II. Growth Hormone (GH) and Somatomedins (IGFs) 519
III. Interaction of IGFs with Receptors 519
IV. Signal Transduction of Receptors for GH, IGFs, and Insulin 520
V. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Family 521
VI. Transforming Growth Factor-B (TGF-B) Family 522
VII. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) 524
VIII. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 526
IX. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) 527
X. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF, Scatter Factor) 530
Chapter 20. Hormones and Cancer 534
I. Introduction 534
II. Relation of Some Hormones to Carcinogens and Development of Cancer from Inappropriate Hormonal Treatment 534
III. Hormone-Related Treatment of Cancer 535
IV. Hormone Receptor Status of Breast Cancers 538
V. Ectopic Production of Hormones by Tumor Cells 540
VI. Oncogenes and Hormonal Functions 541
VII. Conclusion 544
Appendix A. Compilation of Most Known Hormones in Higher Mammals and Humans 546
Appendix B. Human Blood Concentrations of Major Hormones 552
Appendix C. Clinically Relevant Endocrine Disorders 556
Appendix D. The Genetic Code 560
Appendix E. Amino Acid Abbreviations 562
Appendix F. Units of Measurement in Biological Systems 564
Index 566