Neuroendocrinology (eBook)

Cover 2
Other volumes in Progress in Brain Research 3
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
List of Contributors 6
“en guise d’introduction …’’ 8
Contents 10
Chapter 1 Cellular signalling: peptide hormones and growth factors 12
Abstract 12
Keywords 12
Historical survey 12
Cell surface events: the initiation of signalling 13
The signalling endosome patterns of intracellular signalling15
Endosomal signalling: requirements and regulation in health and disease 19
Acknowledgements 21
Abbreviations 21
References 22
Chapter 2 Neuroendocrine control of energy homeostasis: update on new insights 28
Abstract 28
Keywords 28
Introduction 28
Neuroanatomy of hypothalamic circuitries involved in energy homeostasis 30
Appetite regulating network 30
Energy expending network 32
Fat accrual network 33
Peripheral feedback signals in the hypothalamic integration of energy homeostasis 33
Mechanisms underlying dysregulation of energy homeostasis and obesity in rodents and humans 35
Conclusion 39
Acknowledgement 39
Abbreviations 39
References 39
Chapter 3 Reproductive behaviors: new developments in concepts and in molecular mechanisms 46
Abstract 46
Keywords 46
Introduction 46
Generalized arousal and its impact on sex behaviors 46
Mechanisms initiating generalized and sexual arousal in humans 49
Chromatin: steroid hormone-induced covalent modifications of histone tails 49
References 52
Chapter 4 Interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems 54
Abstract 54
Keywords 54
Introduction 54
Concluding remarks 61
Acknowledgments 63
References 63
Chapter 5 Physiological roles of the kisspeptin/GPR54 system in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction 66
Abstract 66
Keywords 66
Introduction 66
Kisspeptins and GPR54: discovery and proposed nomenclature 67
Neuroanatomy of kisspeptin neurons in mammals 69
Kisspeptins and the control of gonadotropin secretion: roles and mechanisms 70
Kisspeptin neurons: roles in sexual differentiation and puberty onset 72
Kisspeptin neurons: roles in feedback control of gonadotropins 74
Metabolic regulation of the kisspeptin system 76
Other regulators of the kisspeptin system: neuropeptides, hormones and environmental cues 78
Kisspeptins in year 2010: future challenges and expected developments 79
Acknowledgements 83
Abbreviations 83
References 83
Chapter 6 Regulation of complex pulsatile and rhythmic neuroendocrine systems: the male gonadal axis as a prototype 90
Abstract 90
Keywords 90
Introduction 90
Hypothalamo-pituitary-target organ systems 92
Integrating pulsatile and 24-hour rhythmic secretion patterns 94
Quantification of ensemble control 95
Control of a neuroendocrine ensemble 105
System-level adaptations in pathophysiology 108
Appraisal of negative feedback in a neuroendocrine system 108
Ensemble estimates of neuroendocrine dynamics 110
Innovative prospects 116
Acknowledgments 116
Abbreviations 116
References 117
Chapter 7 Physiological significance of the rhythmic secretion of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones 122
Abstract 122
Keywords 122
Introduction 123
Neurohumoral regulation of growth hormone secretion 123
Regulation of corticotrophic function and action 127
Regulation of thyrotroph function 129
Regulation of lactotroph function 130
Physiological significance of pulsatile oxytocin secretion 131
Discussion 131
Abbreviations 132
References 133
Chapter 8 Melatonin: a multitasking molecule 138
Abstract 138
Keywords 138
Introduction 138
Melatonin synthesis, release and catabolism 139
Melatonin synthesis: light regulation 141
Melatonin: receptors and signal transduction mechanisms 143
Melatonin and seasonal reproduction 144
Melatonin, circadian rhythms and sleep 147
Melatonin and cancer inhibition 149
Melatonin as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant 152
Concluding remarks 156
References 156
Chapter 9 Modulation of steroid hormone receptor activity 164
Abstract 164
Keywords 164
Introduction 164
Conclusion 180
Abbreviations 180
References 181
Chapter 10 The intracrine sex steroid biosynthesis pathways 188
Abstract 188
Keywords 188
Introduction 188
Molecular evolution and different classes of steroidogenic enzymes 191
Does convergent evolution result from modification of an old enzymatic structure or an adaptation of existing activities of a multi-substrate enzyme to a new substrate? Example of type 12 17Beta-HSD 192
Marked differences of steroidogenic enzymes between humans, monkeys and rodents 194
Species differences in sex steroid-inactivating enzymes 197
Does the 17Beta-HSD step precede or follow aromatase or 5Alpha-reductase action in the steroidogenic pathways in peripheral tissues? 198
Biosynthesis of testosterone 199
Biosynthesis of DHT 199
Biosynthesis of estradiol 199
References 200
Chapter 11 Steroidogenic enzymes in the brain:morphological aspects 204
Abstract 204
Keywords 204
Introduction 204
Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage 205
3Beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 205
Cytochrome P450C17 206
17Beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 207
5Alpha-Reductase 209
3Alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 210
20Alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 210
Cytochrome P450 aromatase 211
11Beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 212
Conclusion 213
References 213
Chapter 12 The multiple roles of estrogens and the enzymearomatase 220
Abstract 220
Keywords 220
Aromatase 220
Aromatization 222
Aromatase expression 222
Regulation of aromatase expression 224
Cyp19 (aromatase) gene expression regulation 224
Regulation of aromatase activity 226
Multiple roles of aromatase 227
Physiological effects of estrogen 231
Effects of aromatase in the brain 232
Conclusion 236
References 236
Chapter 13 ERBeta in CNS: new roles in development and function 244
Abstract 244
Keywords 244
Introduction 244
ERs in the embryonic brain 245
ERBeta affects neuronal migration during later stages of corticogenesis 246
3Beta-Adiol as a ligand for ERBeta function in corticogenesis 247
ERBeta expression in the neonatal brain 247
ERBeta expression in the hippocampus and its roles in hippocampal-dependent behavior 248
Role of ERBeta in development of the cerebellum 252
Role of ERBeta in dorsal horn morphogenesis of spinal cord and pain modulation 253
Conclusions 256
Acknowledgements 256
References 256
Chapter 14 Interactions of estradiol and insulin-like growth factor-I signalling in the nervous system: New advances 262
Abstract 262
Keywords 262
Introduction 262
Functional intreactions of estradiol and IGF-I in the nervous system 263
Molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of estradiol and IGF-I in the nervous system 270
Future directions 275
Acknowledgements 276
References 276
Chapter 15 A hormonal contraceptive for men: how close are we? 284
Abstract 284
Keywords 284
Introduction 284
Principles of hormonal male contraception 285
The various hormonal regimens tested for male contraception 287
Remaining questions and problems 293
Conclusions and future perspectives 296
References 296
Subject Index 300