CdTe and Related Compounds; Physics, Defects, Hetero- and Nano-structures, Crystal Growth, Surfaces and Applications (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Crystal Growth, Surfaces and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Foreword 12
Chapter I: Crystal Growth and Surfaces 14
Chapter IA: Technology: Purification of theCadmium and TelluriumElements 17
1. Introduction 17
2. Extraction and Initial Refining 18
3. Final Refining 22
4. Concluding Remarks 29
References 29
Chapter IB: CdTe and CdZnTe Growth 32
1. Introduction 32
2. Phase Equilibria in the Cd-Te System 32
3. Crystal Growth versus Cd-Te Chemical Bond Characteristics 36
4. Synthesis 40
5. Container 48
6. Crystal Growth 49
7. Bridgman Growth Modeling and Interface Shape Determination 62
8. CZT Properties 69
9. Purity, Contamination, and Doping 77
10. Typical Structural and Electronic Properties of CdTe and CZTCrystals 78
11. Conclusions and Perspectives 78
References 80
Chapter IC: Crystal Growth of CdTe/CdZnTe in Microgravity 89
1. Introduction: Crystal Growth Under Microgravity 89
2. Growth from the Vapour Phase 90
3. Growth by THM with a Rotating Magnetic Field 92
4. Bridgman Growth Using Dewetting Phenomenon 93
5. Summary and Outlook 95
References 95
Chapter ID: Heteroepitaxial Growth of CdTe Thin Films 98
1. Introduction 98
2. Overview of Deposition Methods 103
3. Substrate Effects on Cdte Heteroepitaxy 112
4. Outline and Conclusions 126
References 127
Chapter IE: Chemical Treatment of the CdTe and ZnxCd1-xTe Surfaces 132
1. Introduction 132
2. Bromine and Iodine Containing Etchant Compositions 134
3. Etchant Compositions Based on Nitric Acid 137
4. Etchant Compositions Based on Cr(VI) Compounds 139
5. Etchant Compositions Based on H2O2 140
6. Halogen-Evolving Etchant Compositions 140
7. Influence of Doping on Chemical Etching 142
8. Influence of Crystallographic Orientation on Chemical Etching 146
9. Chemical Etching of ZnxCd1–xTe Solid Solutions 148
10. Nanodimensional Formation on CdTe and Zn1–xCdxTe Surfacesat Chemical Etching 150
11. Conclusion 152
References 153
Chapter II. Applications 158
Chapter IIA. Photorefractive CdTe 161
1. Introduction 161
2. The Photorefractive Properties 162
3. Experimental Results 166
4. Applications 191
5. Conclusion 196
Acknowledgements 197
References 198
Chapter IIB. Cadmium Telluride-Based Solar Cells 200
1. Introduction 200
2. State of the Art 202
3. Device Properties 202
4. Fabrication of Cells 209
5. Manufacture of CdS/CdTe Modules 219
6. Degradation Mechanisms 220
7. Use of CdS/CdTe Modules in Large-Scale Power Generation 221
8. Concluding Remarks 223
References 224
Chapter IIC. Applications of CdTe, CdZnTe, and CdMnTe RadiationDetectors 227
1. Introduction 227
2. National Security and Nonproliferation Inspections 228
3. Medical Imaging 230
4. Space and Astrophysics 241
5. Nature and Development of CMT Detectors 246
6. Summary and Future Work 249
Acknowledgments 250
References 250
Chapter IID. Electro-optic Modulator Applications 252
1. Introduction 252
2. Practical Configurations 253
3. Issues and Limitations 254
4. Successful and Contemplated Deployments 258
References 260
Chapter IIE. Optical Detectors Based on CdTe Pure Crystalsfor High-Efficiency Optical Computers 261
1. Introduction 261
2. Processors for Digital Optical Computers Based on n-p(TI)MNanostructures of CdTe 263
3. Processors for Analog Optical Computers of Incoherent Lighton n-p(TI)M Nanostructures on CdTe 265
4. Optoelectronic Image Correlator of Incoherent Light Basedon Analog Optical Processors 267
5. Conclusion 268
References 268
Author index 270
Subject index 290