Carbon Alloys (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Carbon Alloys: Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 14
Part 1: Introduction 16
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1 A Short History 18
2 Carbon Family 20
3 Carbon Alloys 24
References 26
Part 2: Space Control in Carbon Alloys 30
Chapter 2. Hybrid Orbital Control in Carbon Alloys 30
1 Hybridization in a Carbon Atom 30
2 Defect States and Modifications of the Hybridization 42
3 Spectroscopies for spn Structure 48
4 Conclusions 53
References 53
Chapter 3. Structural Design and Functions of Carbon Materials by Alloying in Atomic and Molecular Scales 56
1. Introduction 56
2. Intercalation Compounds 57
3 Insertion of Li Ions into the Disordered Carbon Materials 59
4 Substitution of Heteroatoms 61
5 Metal-doped Fullerenes 64
6 Metal-doped Carbon Nanotubes 65
7 Conclusions 69
References 69
Chapter 4. Surface and Hidden Surface-controlled Carbon Alloys 72
1 Importance of Hidden Surfaces and Confined Spaces in Carbon Materials 72
2 Carbon Structure of Superhigh Surface Area 79
3 Design of Hidden Surfaces with Alloying 80
4 Properties of Hidden Surface- or Pore Space-alloyed Carbons 83
5 Design of New Porous Carbon with Carbon Alloying Technique 91
References 92
Chapter 5. Control of Interface and Microstructure in Carbon Alloys 98
1 Introduction 98
2 Interface Control 100
3 Microstructure Control 104
4 Conclusion 108
References 108
Part 3: Typical Carbon Alloys and Processing 111
Chapter 6. Intercalation Compounds 114
1 Introduction 114
2 Li-insertion into Carbon Materials 115
3 New Intercalation Compounds Prepared from Unique Host Carbon Materials 118
4 Host Effect on the Intercalation of Halogen Molecules and Alkali Metals 119
5 Physical Properties of MCl2-GICs and Alkyl Derivative of Boehmite with Layered Structure 120
6 Conclusion 120
References 121
Chapter 7. Porous Carbon 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Control of Pore Structure 125
3 Performance of Advanced Porous Carbon 133
4 Conclusions 138
References 139
Chapter 8. Polymer Blend Technique for Designing Carbon Materials 144
1. Introduction 144
2. Porous Carbon Materials 144
3 Preferential Support of Metal Particles on Pore Surface 146
4 Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes 148
5 Other Fibrous Carbon Materials with Unique Shapes 154
6 Conclusions 156
References 156
Part 4: The Latest Characterization Techniques 158
Chapter 9. Computer Simulations 160
1 Methods 160
2 Applications 165
3 Conclusions 171
References 171
Chapter 10. X-ray Diffraction Methods to Study Crystallite Size and Lattice Constants of Carbon Materials 176
1. Introduction 176
2 Measurement Method (JSPS Method) 177
3 Characterization of Carbonized Materials Heat-treated at Low Temperatures 185
References 188
Chapter 11. Pore Structure Analyses of Carbons by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 190
1. Introduction 190
2. Fundamentals of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 191
3 Analyses 195
4 Examples of Structure Determination 198
References 202
Chapter 12. XAFS Analysis and Applications to Carbons and Catalysts 204
1 Introduction 204
2 XAFS Analysis 205
3 Applications to Carbon Related Materials and Catalysts 215
4 XAFS in the Future 222
References 222
Chapter 13. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and its Application to Carbon 226
1 Introduction and XPS 226
2 C1s Binding Energy 227
3 Application to Carbon Materials 227
References 235
Chapter 14. Transmission Electron Microscopy 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Materials Characterization by Means of TEM 238
3 Specimen Preparation by FIB 246
4 In-Situ Heating Experiment 250
References 253
Chapter 15. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and its Applications to Characterization of Carbon Materials 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Basic Principles of EELS and Instrumentation 255
3 The Energy-Loss Spectrum 257
4 Applications to Characterizing Carbon Materials 264
5. Conclusions: The Future of EELS 269
References 270
Chapter 16. Visualization of the Atomic-scale Structure and Reactivity of Metal Carbide Surfaces Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 272
1 Introduction 272
2 Principle of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 274
3 Preparation of Mo2C Surfaces 274
4 Visualization of the Atomic-scale Structure and Reactivity of Molybdenum Carbide Surfaces by STM 275
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 280
References 281
Chapter 17. Infra-Red Spectra, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Proton Magnetic Thermal Analysis 284
1 Infra-Red (IR) Spectra 284
2 EPR 291
3 Proton Magnetic Resonance Thermal Analysis (PMRTA) 296
References 298
Chapter 18. Raman Spectroscopy as a Characterization Tool for Carbon Materials 300
1 Introduction 300
2 Raman Spectra of Carbon Materials 303
3 Remarks about Raman Measurements 305
4 Recent Raman Studies of Carbon Materials 307
References 311
Chapter 19. Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and its Application to Carbon Alloys 314
1 Introduction 314
2 Apparatus 314
3 Basics of NMR for Spin 1/2 Nucleus 315
4 Characterization of Pitch 323
5 Solid-state 7Li-NMR 328
References 333
Chapter 20. Gas Adsorption 334
1 Adsorption, Absorption, Occlusion and Storage 334
2 Classification of Pores and Porosity 335
3 Selection of an Adsorbate Molecule 336
4 Surface Structure and the Adsorption Isotherm 339
References 346
Chapter 21. Electrochemical Characterization of Carbons and Carbon Alloys 350
1 Introduction 350
2 Characterization Techniques 351
3 Electrochemical Characterization of Carbon Alloys 355
4 Conclusions 364
References 364
Chapter 22. Mechanical Probe for Micro-/Nano-characterization 366
1 Introduction 366
2 Theoretical Considerations 368
3 Experimental Details 375
4 Application to Carbon-related Materials 379
5 Concluding Remarks 395
References 397
Chapter 23. Magnetism of Nano-graphite 400
1 Introduction 400
2 Conversion from Diamond to Graphite in Nano-scale Dimension 401
3 Nano-graphite Network 404
4 Fluorinated Nano-graphite 407
References 408
Chapter 24. Magnetoresistance and its Application to Carbon and Carbon Alloys 410
1 Introduction 410
2 Background for the Magnetoresistance Measurement 410
3 Measurement of Magnetoresistance 415
4 Application of Magnetoresistance Technique for Synthesis of High-Quality Graphite Film from Aromatic Polyimide Film 418
5 Negative Magnetoresistance in Boron-doped Graphites 424
References 428
Part 5. Function Developments and Application Potentials 430
Chapter 25. Applications of Advanced Carbon Materials to the Lithium Ion Secondary Battery 432
1 Introduction 432
2 Characteristics of Li-ion Secondary Battery 435
3 Carbon and Graphite Host Materials 435
4 Lithium/Graphite Intercalation Compounds 436
5 Voltage Profiles of Carbon Electrodes 439
6 Effect of Microstructure of Carbon Anode on the Capacity 441
7 Li Storage Model 445
8 Conclusions 446
References 447
Chapter 26. Electrochemical Functions 450
1 Features of Carbon Materials as Electrodes 450
2 Electrochemical Reactions on Carbon 451
3 Electrochemical Behavior of Various Carbons 454
4 Application of Carbon Electrodes 456
References 459
Chapter 27. Electric Double Layer Capacitors 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Influence of Pore Size Distribution of ACFs on Double Layer Capacitance 464
3 Double Layer Capacitance of Other Carbon Materials 469
4 Conclusion 471
References 471
Chapter 28. Field Electron Emissions from Carbon Nanotubes 474
1 Introduction 474
2 FEM Study of Nanotubes 475
3 Nanotube-based Display Devices 480
References 483
Chapter 29. Gas Separations with Carbon Membranes 484
1 Properties of Carbon Membranes 484
2 Preparation of Carbon Membranes 487
3 Permeances of Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 489
4 Oxidation of Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 493
5 Separation Based on Surface Flow 495
6 Conclusions 496
References 496
Chapter 30. Property Control of Carbon Materials by Fluorination 500
1 Introduction 500
2 Control of Carbon Properties by Fluorination 501
3 The Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes with Fluorine and Carbon Alloying by Fluorination 502
References 512
Chapter 31. Preparation of Metal-loaded Porous Carbons and Their Use as a Highly Active Catalyst for Reduction of Nitric Oxide (NO) 514
1 Introduction 514
2 Sample Preparation 515
3 Carbonization Behavior of the Resins 516
4 Characterization of Metal Loaded Porous Carbons 517
5 Nitric Oxide Decomposition on Metal Loaded Porous Carbons 519
6 Conclusions 527
References 527
Chapter 32. Formation of a Seaweed Bed Using Carbon Fibers 530
1 Introduction 530
2 Rapid Fixation of Marine Organisms 530
3 Food Chain Through a Carbon Fiber Seaweed Bed 533
4 Formation of an Artificial Bed of Seaweed Using Carbon Fibers 534
References 536
Chapter 33. Carbon/Carbon Composites and Their Properties 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Carbon Fibers and Carbon Coils 539
3 Novel Materials and Control of Micro-structures 542
4 Improvement of Properties and Correlation Between Properties and Microstructures 546
5 Fracture and its Mechanism 553
6 Microstructure Observation 557
7 Concluding Remarks 557
References 558
Chapter 34. Super-hard Materials 560
1 Super-hard Materials 560
2 Diamond-like Carbon 561
3 Carbon Nitride 567
4 Boron Carbonitride (BxCyNz) 571
5 Conclusion 572
References 572
Contributing authors 574
Subject index 578