Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids: Thermal Characterization and Analysis (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 9
CHAPTER 1 Coal and Biomass: The Study of Solid Fuels and their Utilization 12
1.1 A Fuel for Producing Energy a Carbon Source for Making Steel
1.2 The Widening Use of Coal, Oil and Gas 15
1.3 Processing Coals and Oils 17
1.4 Outline of the Book 19
CHAPTER 2 Fossil Fuels: Origins and Characterization Methods 24
2.1 Precursors and Formation of Fossil Hydrocarbons 24
2.2 Coal Petrography, Macerals and Rank 28
2.3 The Chemical Composition of Fossil Hydrocarbons 36
CHAPTER 3 Pyrolysis: Thermal Breakdown of Solid Fuels in a Gaseous Environment 47
3.1 Introduction to the Design of Pyrolysis Experiments 48
3.2 Product Distributions From Pyrolysis Experiments: General Trends 51
3.3 On the Design of Bench-Scale Pyrolysis Reactors: Wire-Mesh Reactors 54
3.4 The Design of Bench-Scale Fixed-Bed (“Hot-Rod”) Pyrolysis Reactors 65
3.5 Bench Scale Fluidized-Bed & Entrained Flow Pyrolysis Reactors (Atmospheric Pressure)
3.6 Comparison of Results From Bench-Scale Pyrolysis Reactors 70
3.7 Case Studies – Pyrolysis of Coal Macerals 79
3.8 Case Studies: The Reactive Inertinites of Southern Hemisphere Coals 89
3.9 Case Studies: The Pyrolysis of Kerogens 91
3.10 Case Studies: The Pyrolysis of Biomass Materials 92
CHAPTER 4 High-Pressure Reactor Design & Applications: Pyrolysis, Hydropyrolysis and Gasification
4.1 Rates of Char Deactivation and Implications for Reaction Design 104
4.2 The Design of High-Pressure Wire-Mesh Reactors 106
4.3 The Design of High-Pressure Bench-Scale Fluidized-Bed Reactors 122
4.4 Comparing Gasification Data from Reactors with Different Configurations 128
4.5 Case Studies: Factors Governing Coal Reactivity in Pyrolysis & Gasification
4.6 Case Studies: Simulating Entrained-Flow Gasification in a Wire-Mesh Reactor 147
4.7 Case Studies: By-Product Formation and Trace Element Problems in a Pilot Gasifier Processing Coal and Biomass 153
4.8 Case Studies: Synergistic Effects in Biomass Processing & Problems in Refining Biomass Pyrolysis Tars
CHAPTER 5 Liquefaction: Thermal Breakdown in the Liquid Phase 172
5.1 Introduction: Coal Liquefaction 173
5.2 The British Coal Liquefaction Process 176
5.3 On the Design of Bench-Scale Liquefaction Experiments 177
5.4 Comparing Liquefaction in the Flowing-Solvent Reactor and a “Mini-Bomb” 184
5.5 Effect of Solvent Type on the Extent of Extraction 189
5.6 Flowing-Solvent Reactor: Successive Extract Fractions Released from Coal 191
5.7 A Two Stage Kinetic Model of Primary Coal Liquefaction 193
5.8 Brief Overview of Liquefaction 206
CHAPTER 6 Thermal Breakdown in Coals: Comparing Structural Changes in Pyrolysis and Liquefaction 210
6.1 Introduction 210
6.2 The Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectrometry of Thermal Breakdown 212
6.3 Extractables as a Diagnostic Tool for Pre-Pyrolysis Phenomena 216
6.4 Hydrogen Donors in Coals: Liptinites and Others 222
6.5 Overview of Thermal Breakdown in Coals 225
CHAPTER 7 Analytical Techniques for Low Mass Materials: Method Development 228
7.1 Gas Chromatography 229
7.2 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) 235
7.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 239
7.4 Combined Chromatographic Methods 243
7.5 Unified Chromatography 244
7.6 Mass Spectrometric Methods 245
7.7 Aliphatic Materials from Coal and Petroleum 257
7.8 Conclusion 264
CHAPTER 8 Analytical Techniques for High Mass Materials: Method Development 272
8.1 Introduction 272
8.2 SEC as Method to Examine Molecular Mass or Size Ranges of Complex Mixtures 273
8.3 Fractionation Methods to Isolate Molecules of Large Mass or Size 290
8.4 Application of SEC and Fractionation Methods to Samples 293
8.5 Aggregation of Small Polar Molecules to Appear as Large Molecules – in NMP? 306
8.6 Molecular Mass Methods – Mass Spectrometry of High Mass Materials > 500 u
8.7 ICP-MS for Metallic Trace Elements 323
8.8 Summary 325
8.9 Structural Features of Large Molecular Mass Material Identified by SEC and MALDI-MS 326
8.10 Summary of Structural Features of the Largest Molecules 335
CHAPTER 9 Concluding Remarks: Where to With Solid Fuels? 347
9.1 Characterizing Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids 347
9.2 Solids Fuel Conversion to Gases and Liquids 352
9.3 Energy Demand – Energy Supplies: The Big Questions 355
Subject Index 360