Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical Neurotransmitters (eBook)

Contents 5
Contributors 7
Coexistence of Neuromessenger Molecules -- A Perspective 10
1.1 Chemical Transmission 10
1.2 Identity and Function of Neurotransmitters 11
1.3 Neurons Only Produce One Transmitter 11
1.4 Some Historical Aspects - Dale’s Principle 12
1.5 Early Evidence for One Neuron-Multiple Transmitters 12
1.6 Coexistíng Neuropeptides 13
1.7 Neurotransmitter Storage 13
1.8 Is the Classic Transmitter Always the Main Messenger? 14
1.9 Also Aminoacid Transmitters Coexist 15
1.10 Functional Consequences and Clinical Implications 16
1.11 Concluding Remarks 16
References 17
Ex uno plures: Out of One, Many 23
2.1 What Is a Classical Neurotransmitter? 24
2.2 What Is a Modulatory Transmitter? 25
2.3 Dale’s Principle 25
2.4 Coexistence and Co-release of Classical Neurotransmitters 26
2.5 Colocalization of Receptors for Classical Neurotransmitters 27
2.6 Consequences and Functional Advantages of Classical Neurotransmitter Co-release 27
2.7 What Do We Still Need to Know? 28
References 30
Mechanisms of Synapse Formation: Activity-Dependent Selection of Neurotransmitters and Receptors 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Specification 32
3.3 Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Receptor Specification 34
3.4 Matching of Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors: Perfect Encounter or a Selection Process? 35
3.5 Qualitative Changes in Transmission and Cotransmission of Classical Neurotransmitters: What for? 37
References 38
Co-Release of Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine by Mammalian Sympathetic Neurons: Regulation by Target-Derived Signaling 43
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Developmental Regulation of Neurotransmitter Expression in Sympathetic Neurons by Target-Derived Signals 44
4.3 Plasticity of Sympathetic Neurotransmitter Phenotype: Cell Culture Studies 48
4.4 Neurotrophins Induce a Rapid Switch in Neurotransmitter Status of Sympathetic Neurons 51
4.5 Neurotrophins Regulate the Firing Properties of Sympathetic Neurons via Differential Activation of Trk and p75 Receptors 55
4.6 Future Directions 56
References 57
GABA, Glycine, and Glutamate Co-Release at Developing Inhibitory Synapses 62
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Dual Release of GABA or Glycine and Other Neurotransmitters 71
5.3 Summary 80
References 80
GABA is the Main Neurotransmitter Released from Mossy Fiber Terminals in the Developing Rat Hippocampus 88
6.1 gamma-Aminobutiric Acid (GABA) Plays a Crucial Role in Developmental Networks 89
6.2 Mossy Fiber Synapses 90
6.3 Criteria for Identifying Single Mossy Fiber Responses 92
6.4 GABA Is the Main Neurotransmitter Released by MF Early in Postnatal Life 96
6.5 GDPs as Coincidence Detectors for Enhancing Synaptic Efficacy at Low Probability MF-CA3 Synapses 101
References 102
Postsynaptic Determinants of Inhibitory Transmission at Mixed GABAergic/Glycinergic Synapses 106
7.1 Introduction 106
7.2 An Overview of Inhibitory Co-transmission in the Mammalian Brain 107
7.3 Cellular and Molecular Organization of Mixed Inhibitory Circuits 115
7.4 Functional Correlate of Inhibitory Co-transmission: Tuning the Timecourse of Inhibition at Mixed Synapses 117
7.5 Conclusion 123
References 123
Glutamate Co-Release by Monoamine Neurons 133
8.1 General Introduction 133
8.2 Morphological Heterogeneity of Monoaminergic Axon Terminals 134
8.3 Initial Electrophysiological and Anatomical Work Suggesting the Presence of Glutamate in Monoamine Neurons 134
8.4 Initial Microculture Studies Showing Glutamate Co-release by 5-HT and DA Neurons 136
8.5 Discovery of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters 137
8.6 Presence of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters in Monoamine Neurons 139
8.7 Regulation of the Expression of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters in Neurons 142
8.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 144
References 145
Dopamine and Serotonin Crosstalk Within the Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems 151
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Mesostriatal Dopamine System 153
9.3 Forebrain Serotonin System 158
9.4 Dopamine and Serotonin Co-Transmission 162
9.5 Summary 170
References 171
The Dual Glutamatergic/GABAergic Phenotype of Hippocampal Granule Cells 187
10.1 Introduction 187
10.2 Activation of Granule Cells can Transiently Evoke Monosynaptic GABAA-R Mediated Intracellular Responses and Population Responses in the CA3 193
10.3 Function: The DG as an Inhibitory Structure 199
10.4 Indirect Evidence, Direct Questions 202
References 204
Synaptic Co-Release of ATP and GABA 208
11.1 Introduction 208
11.2 ATP/GABA Synaptic Cotransmission 211
11.3 Physiological Role of ATP/GABA Cotransmission: From Facts to Speculations 219
11.4 Conclusion 224
References 225
The Co-Release of Glutamate and Acetylcholine in the Vertebrate Nervous System 229
12.1 Short Background to Neurotransmitter Co-release 229
12.2 Co-release of Glutamate and ACh - History and Evidence 230
12.3 Functional Significance of Glutamate and ACh Co-release 235
12.4 Concluding Remarks 242
Reference 243
Colocalization and Cotransmission of Classical Neurotransmitters: An Invertebrate Perspective 247
13.1 Introduction 247
13.2 ‘‘Giant’’ Serotonergic Cells 249
13.3 Cholinergic/Serotonergic Mechanosensory Neurons 250
13.4 Dopaminergic/Serotonergic Neurosecretory Cells 251
13.5 Cholinergic/GABAergic Interneurons in Aplysia 253
13.6 Dopaminergic/GABAergic Interneurons in Aplysia 255
13.7 Overview 258
13.8 Future Directions 258
13.9 Conclusions 260
References 261
E pluribus unum: Out of Many, One 266
14.1 What Do We Still Need to Know? 271
Reference 272
Index 275