Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience (eBook)

Ming-ko Woo is Professor of Geography at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He serves on Editorial Board of the journal Nordic Hydrology and as Associate Editor for the journals Physical Geography and Geographie Physique et Quaternaire. Additionally, he is the Vice Chairman of the International Geographical Union, Commission/Study Group on Water Sustainability.

Editor's Note 5
Table of Contents 7
List of Contributors to Volume II 10
List of Acronyms 18
Chapter 1 Synopsis of Atmospheric Research under MAGS 21
Appendix 26
Chapter 2 MAGS Contribution to Hydrologic and Surface Process Research 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Snow Processes 29
3 Frozen Ground 35
4 Organic Terrain 38
5 Mountain Environment 42
6 Shield Landscape 43
7 Streamflow and River Ice 45
8 Lake Studies 49
9 Conclusions 51
References 52
Chapter 3 Analysisand Application of 1-km Resolution Visible and Infrared Satellite Data over the Mackenzie River Basin 58
1 Introduction 58
2 Study Area 59
3 Data and Methods 60
4 Results and Discussion 66
5 Conclusion 74
Acknowledgements 75
References 75
Chapter 4 On the Use of Satellite Passive Microwave Data for Estimating Surface Soil Wetness in the Mackenzie River Basin 78
1 Introduction 78
2 A Dynamic Basin Wetness Index for the Mackenzie River Basin 80
3 A Basin Wetness Index at the Regional Scale 87
4 Discussion and Conclusion 95
5 References 96
Chapter 5 Studies on Snow Redistribution by Wind and Forest, Snow- covered Area Depletion, and Frozen Soil Infiltration in Northern and Western Canada 99
1 Introduction 99
2 Methodology 100
3 RESULTS 101
4 Conclusions 110
References 112
Chapter 6 Snowmelt Processes and Runoff at the Arctic Treeline: Ten Years of MAGS Research 115
1 Introduction 115
2 Study Area and Methods 116
3 Spatial Variability of Snowmelt Processes 119
4 Processes Controlling Lag Between Melt and Runoff 131
5 Snowmelt Runoff 133
6 Conclusion 137
Acknowledgements 139
References 139
Chapter 7 Modeling Maximum Active Layer Thaw in Boreal and Tundra Environments using Limited Data 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Study Area and Data 143
3 Methods 145
4 Results of Application 150
5 Conclusion 152
Acknowledgements 153
References 153
Chapter 8 Climate Climate Lake Interactions 155
1 Introduction 155
2 Seasonal Thermal and Moisture Cycles in MRB Lakes Lakes Lakes 158
3 Lake Ice Duration and Thickness 160
4 Energy Fluxes and Lake Size 163
5 Large Lake Thermodyamic and Hydrodynamic Processes 166
6 Modeling Lake Thermodynamic and Hydrodynamic Processes 168
7 Impacts of Climate Warming 172
8 Summary and Conclusions 172
Acknowledgements 174
References 174
Chapter 9 Modeling Lake Energy Fluxes in the Mackenzie River Basin using Bulk Aerodynamic Mass Transfer Theory 177
1 Introduction 177
2 Study Area 178
3 Methods 179
4 Results and Discussion 185
5 Conclusions 194
Acknowledgements 195
References 195
Chapter 10 The Time Scales of Evaporation from Great Slave Lake 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Study Area 198
3 Methods and Instrumentation 199
4 Results 203
6 Discussion and Conclusions 207
Acknowledgements 210
References 211
Chapter 11 Interannual Variability of the Thermal Components and Bulk Heat Exchange of Great Slave Lake 213
1 Introduction 213
2 Study Area 214
3 Methods 215
4 Variability of Lake Thermal and Heat Flux Components 218
5 Discussion and Conclusions 231
Acknowledgements 233
References 233
Chapter 12 Flow Connectivity of a Lake Lake Stream System in a Semi- arid Precambrian Shield Environment 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Study Area 237
3 Methods 238
4 Water Balance 239
5 Lake Outflow Generation 241
6 Lake Storage and Outflow 242
7 Flow Connectivity of Lake Lake Stream System 244
8 Implications on Streamflow 245
9 Discussion and Conclusions 246
Acknowledgements 247
References 247
Chapter 13 Hydrology of the Northwestern Subarctic Canadian Shield 249
1 Landscape and Hydrologic Considerations 249
2 Bedrock Upland Hydrology 251
3 Soil-filled Valley Hydrology 256
4 Headwater Catchment Hydrology 260
5 Basin Hydrology 263
6 Concluding Remarks 265
Acknowledgements 267
References 267
Chapter 14 Recent Advances Toward Physically-based Runoff Modeling of the Wetland- dominated Central Mackenzie River Basin 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Methods 272
3 Influence of Peat Bogs and Channel Fens on Basin Runoff 276
4 Influence of Peat Plateaus on Basin Runoff 279
5 Toward Basin Runoff Computation 285
6 Basin Water Balance 288
7 Discussion 290
Acknowledgements 291
References 292
Chapter 15 River Ice 294
1 Introduction 294
2 Overview of River Ice Processes 295
3 Monitoring River Ice Processes 304
4 Ice Jam Flood Forecasting 307
5 Climate Change Impacts on River Ice Processes 313
6 Summary 314
References 315
Chapter 16 Regression and Fuzzy Logic Based Ice Jam Flood Forecasting 319
1 Introduction 319
2 Study Area and Data 320
3 Methodology 324
4 Results 334
5 Conclusions 334
Acknowledgements 336
References 336
Chapter 17 Impact of Climate Change on the Peace River Thermal Ice Regime 338
1 Introduction 338
2 Model Development 339
3 Model Calibration and Application to the Peace River 344
4 Climate Change Analysis 348
5 Discussion and Future Research 350
Acknowledgments 352
References 353
List of Symbols 354
Chapter 18 Climate Impacts on Ice-jam Floods in a Regulated Northern River 355
1 Introduction 355
2 Data Collection and Analysis 357
3 Results 359
Acknowledgements 369
References 369
Chapter 19 Trends in Mackenzie River Basin Streamflows 372
1 Introduction 372
2 Study Area 373
3 Methods 373
4 Results 375
5 Discussion 377
6 Conclusion 378
Acknowledgements 378
References 379
Chapter 20 Re- Scaling River Flow Direction Data from Local to Continental Scales 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Study Areas 383
3 Up-scaling Methodologies 383
4 Conclusions 402
References 404
Chapter 21 Lessons from Macroscale Hydrologic Modeling: Experience with the Hydrologic Model SLURP in the Mackenzie Basin 406
1 Introduction 406
2 Model Structure 407
3 Data Ingestion 412
4 Variables 413
5 Parameters 413
6 Initialization 415
7 Optimization 415
8 Validation 416
9 Conclusions 417
Acknowledgements 418
References 418
Chapter 22 Development of a Hydrologic Scheme for Use in Land Surface Models and its Application to Climate Change in the Athabasca River Basin 420
1 Introduction 420
2 Study Area 422
3 Research Methods 422
4 Results 428
5 Discussion of Results 438
6 Summary and Conclusions 440
Acknowledgements 441
References 441
Chapter 23 Validating Surface Heat Fluxes and Soil Moisture Simulated by the Land Surface Scheme CLASS under Subarctic Tundra Conditions 443
1 Introduction 443
2 Study Area 444
3 Methods 445
4 Results 446
5 Conclusions 450
Acknowledgements 451
References 451
Chapter 24 The MAGS Integrated Modeling System 453
1 Introduction 453
2 Model Development 454
3 The MAGS Modeling System 464
4 Model Evaluation 466
5 Application 473
6 Conclusion 477
Acknowledgements 478
References 478
Chapter 25 Synopsis of Mackenzie GEWEX Studies on the Atmospheric Atmospheric Hydrologic System of a Cold Region 482
1 Introduction 482
2 Research Methods 483
3 The Mackenzie Seasons 486
4 Atmospheric Atmospheric hydrologic System under Present and Future Climates 492
5 Lessons Learned from MAGS 495
References 498
Subject Index 504