In the Wrong Place - Alien Marine Crustaceans: Distribution, Biology and Impacts (eBook)
XV, 716 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-94-007-0591-3 (ISBN)
In The Wrong Place: Alien Marine Crustaceans - Distribution, Biology And Impacts provides a unique view into the remarkable story of how shrimps, crabs, and lobsters - and their many relatives - have been distributed around the world by human activity, and the profound implications of this global reorganization of biodiversity for marine conservation biology. Many crustaceans form the base of marine food chains, and are often prominent predators and competitors acting as ecological engineers in marine ecosystems. Commencing in the 1800s global commerce began to move hundreds - perhaps thousands - of species of marine crustaceans across oceans and between continents, both intentionally and unintentionally. This book tells the story of these invasions from Arctic waters to tropical shores, highlighting not only the importance and impact of all prominent crustacean invasions in the world's oceans, but also the commercial exploitation of invasive crabs and shrimps. Topics explored for the first time in one volume include the historical roots of man's impact on crustacean biogeography, the global dispersal of crabs, barnacle invasions, insights into the potential scale of tropical invasions, the history of the world's most widely cultured shrimp, the invasive history and management of red king crabs in Norway, Chinese mitten crabs in England, and American blue crabs in Europe, the evolutionary ecology of green crabs, and many other subjects as well, touching upon all ocean shores.
In The Wrong Place: Alien Marine Crustaceans - Distribution, Biology And Impacts provides a unique view into the remarkable story of how shrimps, crabs, and lobsters - and their many relatives - have been distributed around the world by human activity, and the profound implications of this global reorganization of biodiversity for marine conservation biology. Many crustaceans form the base of marine food chains, and are often prominent predators and competitors acting as ecological engineers in marine ecosystems. Commencing in the 1800s global commerce began to move hundreds - perhaps thousands - of species of marine crustaceans across oceans and between continents, both intentionally and unintentionally. This book tells the story of these invasions from Arctic waters to tropical shores, highlighting not only the importance and impact of all prominent crustacean invasions in the world's oceans, but also the commercial exploitation of invasive crabs and shrimps. Topics explored for the first time in one volume include the historical roots of man's impact on crustacean biogeography, the global dispersal of crabs, barnacle invasions, insights into the potential scale of tropical invasions, the history of the world's most widely cultured shrimp, the invasive history and management of red king crabs in Norway, Chinese mitten crabs in England, and American blue crabs in Europe, the evolutionary ecology of green crabs, and many other subjects as well, touching upon all ocean shores.
Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 12
Part I:In the Beginning 18
The Global Dispersal of Marine and Estuarine Crustaceans 19
1 Introduction 20
2 Vectors 21
3 History of Recognition of Human-Altered Biogeography of Marine Crustaceans 26
4 The Scale of Modern-Day Recognition of Crustacean Invasions 32
5 Discussion 34
References 36
Part II:Global Dispersal 40
Human-Mediated Spread of Alien Crabs 41
1 Introduction 42
2 Alien Marine Crabs 44
3 Regional Invasions (See Table 3, Fig. 6) 54
3.1 The North Sea 54
3.2 North Atlantic 63
3.3 Mediterranean and Black Sea 64
3.4 South Atlantic 65
3.5 Indian Ocean 65
3.6 North West Pacific 66
3.7 South West Pacific 66
3.8 North East Pacific 66
3.9 Hawaiian Islands 67
3.10 South East Pacific 67
3.11 Southern Ocean 67
4 Vectors and Routes (Fig. 7) 67
5 Most Significant Alien Crab Species Worldwide 69
5.1 Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, Blue Crab 69
5.1.1 Distribution 69
5.1.2 Habitat 70
5.1.3 Biology 70
5.1.4 Impact 70
5.2 Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847, Mediterranean Green Crab 70
5.2.1 Distribution 70
5.2.2 Habitat 71
5.2.3 Biology 71
5.2.4 Impact 71
5.3 Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758), European Shore Crab, Green Crab 71
5.3.1 Distribution 71
5.3.2 Habitat 72
5.3.3 Biology 72
5.3.4 Impact 72
5.3.5 Management 73
5.4 Charybdis (Charybdis) hellerii (A. Milne Edwards, 1867) 73
5.4.1 Distribution 73
5.4.2 Habitat 74
5.4.3 Biology 74
5.4.4 Impact 74
5.5 Charybdis (Charybdis) japonica (A. Milne Edwards, 1861), Asian Paddle Crab, Lady Crab 75
5.5.1 Distribution 75
5.5.2 Habitat 75
5.5.3 Biology 75
5.5.4 Uses 75
5.5.5 Impact 76
5.6 Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788), Snow Crab 76
5.6.1 Distribution 76
5.6.2 Habitat 76
5.6.3 Biology 76
5.6.4 Impact 77
5.7 Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853, Chinese mitten crab 77
5.7.1 Distribution 77
5.7.2 Habitat 78
5.7.3 Biology 78
5.7.4 Impact 78
5.7.5 Management 79
5.8 Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan, 1853), Japanese, Asian Shore Crab 79
5.8.1 Distribution 79
5.8.2 Habitat 79
5.8.3 Biology 80
5.8.4 Impact 80
5.8.5 Management 81
5.9 Hemigrapsus takanoi Asakura and Watanabe, 2005 81
5.9.1 Distribution 82
5.9.2 Habitat 82
5.9.3 Biology 82
5.9.4 Impact 82
5.10 Metacarcinus novaezelandiae (Hombron and Jacquinot, 1846), Pie-Crust Crab 82
5.10.1 Distribution 82
5.10.2 Habitat 83
5.10.3 Biology 83
5.10.4 Impact 83
5.11 Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787), Marbled Crab 83
5.11.1 Distribution 83
5.11.2 Habitat 84
5.11.3 Biology 84
5.11.4 Impact 84
5.12 Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815), Red King Crab 84
5.12.1 Distribution 84
5.12.2 Habitat 85
5.12.3 Biology 85
5.12.4 Impact 85
5.13 Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), Sally Lightfoot 85
5.13.1 Distribution 85
5.13.2 Habitat 86
5.13.3 Biology 86
5.13.4 Impact 86
5.14 Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850), Green Porcelain Crab 86
5.14.1 Distribution 86
5.14.2 Habitat 86
5.14.3 Biology 87
5.14.4 Impact 87
5.15 Portunus (Portunus) pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758), Blue Swimming Crab 87
5.15.1 Distribution 87
5.15.2 Habitat 87
5.15.3 Biology 88
5.15.4 Impact 88
5.16 Pyromaia tuberculata (Lockington, 1877), Spider Crab 88
5.16.1 Distribution 88
5.16.2 Habitat 88
5.16.3 Biology 88
5.16.4 Impact 89
5.17 Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould, 1841), Dwarf Crab, Harris Mud Crab 89
5.17.1 Distribution 89
5.17.2 Habitat 89
5.17.3 Biology 89
5.17.4 Impact 90
5.17.5 Management 90
5.18 Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775), Mangrove Crab 90
5.18.1 Distribution 90
5.18.2 Invasion History 91
5.18.3 Habitat 91
5.18.4 Biology 91
5.18.5 Impact 91
6 Life History Trends and Body Size of Alien Crabs 92
7 Discussion 96
7.1 Regional Observations 96
7.2 Dominant Alien Brachyuran Groups (Fig. 10) 98
7.3 Invasion Dynamics of Alien Brachyurans 100
7.4 Alien Crab Fisheries 101
7.4.1 Cancer pagurus 101
7.4.2 Chionoecetes opilio 102
7.4.3 Eriocheir sinensis 102
7.4.4 Paralithodes camtschaticus 102
7.4.5 Portunus pelagicus 103
7.4.6 Scylla serrata 103
7.5 Role of Live Exports and the Aquarium Trade in the Spread of Alien Crabs 103
7.6 Pest Management Options for Alien Brachyuran Crabs 105
8 Summary 106
References 107
The Global Spread of the Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis 121
1 Introduction 122
2 Life History and Physiology 124
3 Routes of Introduction and Capacity to Spread 125
4 The Chinese Mitten Crab in Continental Europe 126
5 Introduction to the UK 129
6 Introduction to West Coast USA 130
7 Recent Introductions and Rate of Spread 131
8 Economic Importance and Transmission of Human Pathogens 133
9 Riparian Degradation 135
10 The Future 135
References 137
The Japanese Skeleton Shrimp Caprella mutica (Crustacea, Amphipoda): A Global Invader of Coastal Waters 142
1 Introduction 143
2 Biology and Ecology of Caprella mutica 145
2.1 Morphology 145
2.2 Life History and Seasonal Population Dynamics 145
2.3 Habitat Preference 148
2.4 Environmental Tolerance Limits 149
2.5 Feeding 150
2.6 Intraspecific Behaviour and Aggression 151
2.7 Interspecific Interactions 153
3 Distribution and Dispersal 154
3.1 Current Distribution 154
3.2 Dispersal Vectors 157
3.3 Future Spread 158
4 Risk Assessment and Potential Management Options 160
5 Conclusions 162
References 163
Part III:Alien Faunas by Region 170
Barnacle Invasions: Introduced, Cryptogenic, and Range Expanding Cirripedia of North and South America 171
1 Introduction 172
2 Vectors That Transport Barnacles Across and Between Oceans 173
3 Introduced and Cryptogenic Cirripedia of the Americas 181
4 Balanomorpha: Balanidae: Amphibalaninae 184
4.1 Status of Amphibalanus eburneus and Amphibalanus improvisus on the Atlantic Coast of South America 184
4.2 Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) 185
4.3 Amphibalanus eburneus (Gould, 1841) 190
4.4 Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854) 191
4.5 Amphibalanus reticulatus (Utinomi, 1967) 192
4.6 Amphibalanus subalbidus (Henry, 1974) 194
4.7 Fistulobalanus pallidus (Darwin, 1854) 195
5 Balanomorpha: Balanidae: Balaninae 195
5.1 Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854 195
5.2 Balanus trigonus (Darwin, 1854) 196
5.3 Balanus calidus Pilsbry, 1916 and Balanus spongicola Brown, 1844 200
6 Balanomorpha: Balanidae: Megabalaninae 200
6.1 Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854) 200
6.2 Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758) 201
7 Balanomorpha: Balanidae: Archaeobalanidae 202
7.1 Striatobalanus amaryllis (Darwin, 1854) 202
8 Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae 203
8.1 Loxothylacus panopaei (Gissler, 1884) 203
9 Intracontinental Range Expansions 204
9.1 Balanidae: Amphibalanus subalbidus (Henry, 1974) 204
9.2 Chthamalidae: Chthamalus fragilis Darwin, 1854 204
9.3 Archaeobalanidae: Semibalanus balanoides (Linnaeus, 1758) 206
9.4 Tetraclitidae: Tetraclita rubescens (Darwin, 1854) 207
10 Balanidae Species Removed from Further Consideration 207
10.1 Paraconcavus pacificus (Pilsbry, 1916) 207
10.2 Balanus crenatus Bruguière, 1789 207
11 Discussion 207
11.1 Temporal Patterns 207
11.2 Temporal Patterns: Post-Discovery Spreading 208
11.3 Temporal-Geographic Patterns 210
11.4 Geographic Patterns: Diversity and Origins 210
11.5 Geographic Patterns: Regional Diversity of Invaders 211
11.6 Galapagos Islands 211
11.7 The Panama Canal 211
11.8 Future Invasions 212
References 213
Marine Crustacean Invasions in North America: A Synthesis of Historical Records and Documented Impacts 226
1 Introduction 226
2 Taxonomic and Geographic Distribution of Non-native Crustaceans 227
2.1 Number of Species by Coast 228
2.2 Salinity Distribution of Species by Coast 230
2.3 Taxonomic Distribution by Coast 231
2.4 Native Region by Coast 232
3 Impacts of Non-native Crustaceans 233
3.1 Impact Type 234
3.2 Information Type and Effect Magnitude 235
3.3 Certainty 236
4 Conclusions 238
Appendix 1 240
Appendix 2 244
Appendix 3 250
References 256
Alien Decapod Crustaceans in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Established Alien Decapods 266
2.1 Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) (Fig. 1b) 266
2.2 Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith, 1869) 267
2.3 Palaemon macrodactylus Rathbun, 1902 267
2.4 Pyromaia tuberculata (Lockington, 1877) (Fig. 2a) 268
2.5 Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould, 1841) (Fig. 2b) 269
3 Penaeid Shrimp Farming 269
3.1 Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate, 1888) 270
3.2 Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) 270
3.3 Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (Alcock, 1905) 270
3.4 Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson, 1874) 270
3.5 Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) 271
4 Discussion 271
4.1 Taxonomic Resolution and Patterns of Diversity and Geographic Distribution 271
4.2 Detection, Regulations and Management 273
References 274
The Alien and Cryptogenic Marine Crustaceans of South Africa 280
1 Introduction 280
2 Inventory 281
3 Temporal Trends 285
4 Biogeographic Patterns 286
5 Main Pathways 287
5.1 Wood Boring 287
5.2 Dry Ballast 288
5.3 Fouling 288
5.4 Ballast Water 288
5.5 Aquaculture 289
6 Economic and Ecological Impacts 289
7 Future Trends 291
References 291
The Snow Crab, Chionoecetes opilio (Decapoda, Majoidea, Oregoniidae) in the Barents Sea 294
1 Introduction 295
2 The Barents Sea: Short Description 296
3 Distribution of Snow Crab in the Barents Sea 297
4 Size Distribution 300
5 Reproductive Characteristics 301
6 Predators 303
7 Diet 303
8 Genetics 303
9 Discussion 305
References 307
Alien Malacostracan Crustaceans in the Eastern Baltic Sea: Pathways and Consequences 312
1 Introduction 313
2 The Study Area 313
3 Invasion History of Crustaceans in the Gulf of Finland, Curonian and Vistula Lagoons 315
4 Amphipods 316
5 Mysids 318
6 Isopods 319
7 Decapods 320
8 Species Richness and Abundance of Alien Species in the Eastern Baltic Sea 320
9 Role of the Alien Crustaceans in the Food Web and Assessment of Possible Predation Impact 321
10 Amphipoda 322
11 Mysidacea 324
12 Decapoda 326
13 Management 327
References 328
Alien Crustaceans Along the Southern and Western Baltic Sea 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Human Impact on the Baltic Sea 336
3 Species Inventory, Biogeographic Patterns, Pathways and Vectors 337
4 Ecological Impact 345
5 Economic Impact 347
6 Future Trends 348
References 348
Checklist of Cryptogenic and Alien Crustacea of the European Atlantic Coast 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Methods 360
2.1 Vectors 360
2.2 Biogeographic Origins and Affinities 361
2.3 Spatial Patterns 361
3 Management and Future Trends 362
Appendix AInventory of Alien and Cryptogenic Species on the European Atlantic Coast 363
Appendix B Species Here Considered to be Native or Non-established Aliens in Atlantic Europe 377
References 379
The Alien Crustaceans in the Mediterranean Sea: An Historical Review 387
1 Introduction 387
2 Materials and Methods 390
3 Results 390
4 Discussion 398
4.1 Environmental Impact 398
4.2 Economical Impact 402
4.3 Establishment Success and Dispersal 403
4.4 Management and Mismanagement 405
References 407
An Incoming Flood on a Cryptic Stage: Understanding Alien Crustacean Invasions in Southeast Asia 412
1 Introduction 413
2 Pathways of Introduction 413
2.1 Shipping 413
2.2 Ornamental and Live Seafood Trade 414
2.3 Limited Knowledge of Marine Invasions in Southeast Asia 414
2.4 Known Marine Introductions in Singapore 415
2.5 The Potential for Modern-Day Invasions 415
3 A Cryptic Past, and a Way Ahead 418
4 Invasion Management and Policy 424
References 424
Alien Marine Crustaceans of Japan: A Preliminary Assessment 427
1 Introduction 428
2 A Preliminary Inventory: Established Alien Crustaceans 429
3 Cryptogenic Crustaceans 434
4 Intercepted and Bait Species 436
5 Crustaceans Imported for Research or Farming 436
6 Non-established Species 437
7 Species Removed from Further Consideration 437
8 Temporal Trends 438
9 Range Expansion from Initial Introductions 439
10 Population Fluctuations 443
11 Biogeographic Patterns: Donor-Recipient Relationships 446
12 Vectors 447
13 Domestic Dispersal 448
14 Ecological Impacts 448
15 Economic Impacts 449
16 Management 450
References 450
Aliens in the Antipodes: Non-indigenous Marine Crustaceans of New Zealand and Australia 458
1 Introduction 459
2 Inventory 459
2.1 Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758): European Shore Crab 474
2.2 Charybdis japonica (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861): Asian Paddle Crab 475
2.3 Pyromaia tuberculata (Lockington, 1877): Fire Crab 476
2.4 Caprella mutica (Schurin, 1935): Japanese Skeleton Shrimp 477
3 Temporal Trends 478
4 Biogeographic Patterns 479
5 Main Pathways 480
5.1 Ballast and Hull Fouling 480
5.2 Deliberate Introductions: Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquarium Trade 482
5.3 Aquarium Trade Imports 483
6 Ecological and Economic Impacts 484
7 Management and the Future 484
References 486
Part IV: Commercial Exploitationof Invasive Decapods 493
The Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in Asia: The World’s Most Widely Cultured Alien Crustacean 494
1 Distribution and Natural Habitat of Litopenaeus vannamei 495
2 Recent Development of Shrimp Culture in Asia 495
2.1 China 498
2.2 Taiwan 500
2.3 Thailand 502
2.4 Indonesia 502
2.5 Vietnam 503
3 Dominance of L. vannamei Culture in Asia 503
4 Development of Inland L. vannamei Culture 507
4.1 Technical Advancement 509
4.1.1 Disease Infection 509
4.1.2 Metabolism and Culture 510
4.1.3 Dietary Adjustment for Low Salinity Culture 512
4.2 Socioeconomic Advantages 514
4.2.1 Market, Price, and Profit 514
4.2.2 Room for Culture Expansion 514
5 Impact of Inland L. vannamei Culture 514
5.1 Ecological Impact 515
5.2 Socio-Economic Impact 516
6 Prospects and Outlook 517
References 518
The Invasive History, Impact and Management of the Red King Crab Paralithodes camtschaticus off the Coast of Norway 525
1 Introduction 525
2 Spreading, Settling, Podding and Migration 529
3 Temperature Tolerance 531
4 Food and Feeding 532
5 Ecological Impact 533
6 Economic Impacts 534
7 Management and Future Challenges 535
References 537
The Commercial Exploitation of the Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis in the River Thames, London: Damned if We Don’t and Damned ifWe Do 541
1 Introduction 542
1.1 River Thames Mitten Crab Records 542
1.2 Early Records of Ovigerous Crabs 543
1.3 River Thames Distribution 544
1.4 Life History 545
1.5 Economic Impacts 547
1.6 Control of the Thames Mitten Crab Population 548
2 S.E. Asian Delicacy 549
2.1 Human Consumption 549
2.2 China 549
2.3 Germany and the Netherlands 550
2.4 London 551
3 Trapping Thames Mitten Crabs: A Feasibility Study 551
3.1 Trapping 551
3.2 Results 1
3.3 Net Captures 553
3.4 Size of Thames Mitten Crabs 553
4 Time and Place to Fish 558
4.1 A Place to Fish 558
5 Are Thames Mitten Crabs Fit for Human Consumption? 560
5.1 London Port Health Authority 560
5.2 Lung Fluke, Paragonimus westermani 560
5.3 Microbiology of Mitten Crabs 561
5.4 Vibrio parahaemolyticus Detection in Mitten Crabs 562
5.5 Trace Metals and Organochlorines 563
6 Thames Mitten Crab Fishery? 564
7 Damned if We Don’t! 565
7.1 Increasing Numbers 566
7.2 Burrows 566
7.3 Abstraction of Drinking Water 566
7.4 Eel Fishing 568
7.5 Recent Citations of Ovigerous Crabs 568
7.6 Drought and Water Abstraction 569
7.7 Damned if We Don’t Summary 570
8 Damned if We Do! 571
8.1 The By-Catch 571
8.2 Anguilla anguilla 572
8.3 Capture of Eels 574
8.4 Invasive Crayfish 575
8.5 Damned if We Do Summary 577
9 Management of a Thames Mitten Crab Fishery 577
9.1 Fishermen/Traders 577
9.2 Restaurants/Retail Outlets 577
9.3 Live Imports 578
9.4 Mitten Crab Farming 579
10 Conclusions 580
References 581
Part V:Case Studies 585
Live and Let Live: Invasive Host, Charybdis longicollis (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae), and Invasive Parasite, Heterosaccus dollfusi(Cirripedia: Rhizocephala:Sacculinidae) 586
1 Introduction 586
2 Incidence of Parasitization 587
3 Effects of Parasitization on the Crabs’ Secondary Sexual Characters 590
4 Effects of Parasitization on the Crabs’ Size 592
5 Effects of Parasitization on the Crabs’ Behaviour 594
6 Multiple Parasitization 597
7 Incidence of Epibionts on Parasitized Crabs 599
8 Developmental Stages of Heterosaccus dollfusi 602
9 Live and Let Live or, Are Rhizocephalan Barnacles Efficient Biocontrol Agents? 603
References 604
Invasion History and Success of the American Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in Europeanand Adjacent Waters 609
1 Introduction 609
2 Spatial and Temporal Trends in Europeanand Adjacent Waters 610
2.1 Atlantic Ocean (Inclusive of English Channel) 610
2.2 North Sea 612
2.3 Baltic Sea 614
2.4 Mediterranean Sea 614
2.5 Black Sea 618
2.6 Sea of Azov 618
3 Pathways of Introduction 619
4 Factors for Establishment 620
5 Ecological and Economic Impacts 622
References 623
The Introduced American Lobster, Homarus americanus in Scandinavian Waters 627
1 Introduction 627
2 Morphological and Genetic Differences 629
3 Sampling and Genetic Analysis of “Odd-Looking” Lobsters 630
4 Competition and Hybridization: In the Lab and in the Wild 634
5 The Risk of Disease Introduction 635
6 Conclusion 636
References 637
Part VI:Carcinus in the Wrong Place 641
The Evolutionary Ecology of European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas, in North America 642
1 Introduction 643
1.1 History of Range Expansion 643
2 Phenotypic Plasticity and Marine Biological Invasions 644
2.1 Phenotypic Plasticity and Invasion Success 644
2.2 Phenotypic Plasticity and Carcinus maenas 645
2.3 Testing the Plasticity-Invasion Hypothesis: Meta-Analysis 647
3 History and Geography of Predator-Prey Phenotypes 650
3.1 Phenotypic Response of Native Gastropod Prey 650
3.2 Anti-Predator Adaptation or Inducible Defence in Gastropods? 652
3.3 Evolving Reaction Norms and Latent Plasticity 653
4 Summary and Future Study 655
References 656
More than One Way to Invade: Lessons from Genetic Studies of Carcinus Shore Crabs 661
1 Introduction 661
2 The Invader at Home: Carcinus in Its Native Range 663
3 Global Genetic Patterns: Sourcing Introduced Populations 664
4 Patterns of Regional Spread 669
5 Admixture and Hybridization 674
6 Genetic Diversity and Invasion Success 677
7 Conclusions 681
References 682
Ecological Impacts of Replacing One Invasive Species with Another in Rocky Intertidal Areas 686
1 Multiple Invasions 687
2 A Case Study of Species Replacement 687
3 Why Is Hemigrapsus Replacing Carcinus? 688
4 What Are the Impacts of These Species? 690
4.1 Diet 693
4.2 Consumption Rates 694
4.3 Community Impacts 694
5 Ecological Impacts of Replacing C. maenas with H. sanguineus 695
References 697
Index 701
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 1.4.2011 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology | Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology |
| Zusatzinfo | XVI, 716 p. 163 illus., 87 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Limnologie / Meeresbiologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | crustacea • Environmental impact • marine and freshwater sciences • Marine Bioinvasions |
| ISBN-10 | 94-007-0591-3 / 9400705913 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-94-007-0591-3 / 9789400705913 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Wasserzeichen)Größe: 16,0 MB
DRM: Digitales Wasserzeichen
Dieses eBook enthält ein digitales Wasserzeichen und ist damit für Sie personalisiert. Bei einer missbräuchlichen Weitergabe des eBooks an Dritte ist eine Rückverfolgung an die Quelle möglich.
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. den Adobe Reader oder Adobe Digital Editions.
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. die kostenlose Adobe Digital Editions-App.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
