Emerging Issues and Controversies in Infectious Disease (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 8
Acknowledgment 14
Bacterial and Fungal Infections 15
Issues in Central Nervous System Infections 16
1.1 Bacterial Meningitis 16
1.2 Adjunctive Therapy in Tuberculous Meningitis 28
1.3 Adjunctive Therapy in Fungal Meningitis 31
1.4 Future Directions 33
References 35
Emerging Issues in Head and Neck Infections 40
2.1 Current Issues in Sinusitis 40
References 56
Emerging Trends in Pulmonary Infection 60
Current Issues in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia 61
3.1 Background 61
3.2 Issues in the Diagnosis of VAP 61
3.3 Microbial Etiology of VAP 68
3.4 Issues in Treatment of VAP 69
3.5 Prevention of VAP 72
3.6 Future Directions 78
References 79
Emerging Issues in Pulmonary Infections of Cystic Fibrosis 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Pathobiology of Cystic Fibrosis 87
4.3 Microbiology 90
4.4 Management of Infections in CF 95
4.5 Prevention of Infections in CF 102
4.6 Adjunctive Therapy for Pulmonary Exacerbation 102
4.7 Future Directions 104
References 106
Re-Emergence of Childhood Respiratory Infections in Adults ( RSV & Pertussis)
A: Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection in Adults 114
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 Microbiology and Pathogenesis 114
References for A 120
B: Pertussis in Adults 124
5.3 Introduction 124
References 132
New Concepts and Trends 135
New Concepts and Emerging Issues in Sepsis 136
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Definitions 137
6.3 Immune Response 137
6.4 Pathogenesis 139
6.5 Management in Sepsis 150
6.6 Early Goal-Directed Therapy 150
6.7 Antimicrobial Therapy in Severe Sepsis 151
6.8 Activated Protein C 153
6.9 Corticosteroids in Severe Sepsis 154
6.10 Intensive Insulin Therapy 155
6.11 Vasopressin and Vasopressors 156
6.12 Blood Products in Sepsis 156
6.13 Ventilation and Other Adjunctive Therapy 157
6.14 Immunotherapies for Sepsis 158
6.15 Genetics and Sepsis 159
6.16 Future Directions 160
6.17 Conclusion 163
References 163
Febrile Neutropenia: Management Issues 173
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Pathogenesis 174
7.3 Febrile Neutropenia Definition 175
7.4 Microbiology and Etiology 176
7.5 Duration of Therapy 182
7.6 Empiric Antifungal Therapy 183
7.7 Prevention 185
7.8 Future Directions 188
References 189
Emerging Issues and Trends in Clostridium difficile Colitis 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Microbiology 197
8.3 Pathogenesis 198
8.4 Clinical Aspects 202
8.5 Diagnosis 207
8.6 Management 208
References 222
Probiotics in Infectious Diseases 234
9.1 Introduction 234
9.2 Background 235
9.3 Mechanisms of Action 236
9.4 Clinical Application of Probiotics 242
9.5 Probiotics as Food Additives 256
9.6 Adverse Effects of Probiotics 257
9.7 Conclusion and Future Directions 257
References 258
Device-Related Infections 268
10.1 Introduction 268
10.2 Pathogenesis of Device-Related Infections 270
10.3 Specific Device-Related Infections 274
10.4 Cardiovascular Device Infectious 284
10.5 Vascular Grafts 292
10.6 Future Directions 294
References 295
Current Concepts of Orthopedic Implants and Prosthetic Joint Infections 305
11.1 Introduction 305
11.2 Microbiological Aspects 305
11.3 Diagnosis 308
11.4 Clinical Presentation 310
11.5 Management 311
11.6 Prevention of Orthopedic Device Infections 322
11.7 Future Directions 324
11.8 Conclusion 325
References 325
Combination Antimicrobial Therapies 333
12.1 Introduction 333
12.2 Bacterial Infections 334
12.3 Fungal Infections and Combination Therapy 344
12.4 Viral Infections 353
12.5 Parasitic Infections 361
12.6 Conclusion 368
12.7 Future Directions 370
References 370
Index 384