Industrial Applications of Batteries (eBook)

Cover 1
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 2
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 14
Preface 18
Chapter 1. Economic and Environmental Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Vehicle Options 20
1. Introduction 20
2. Analysis 21
3. Results and discussion 30
4. Conclusions 34
Acknowledgement 34
Nomenclature 35
References 35
Chapter 2. Lifetime Cost of Battery, Fuel-Cell, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 38
1. Introduction 39
2. Lifetime cost of battery-electric vehicles 41
3. Lifetime cost of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 50
4. Lifetime cost of fuel-cell electric vehicles 64
5. Discussion 76
Acknowledgments 77
References 77
Chapter 3. Relative Fuel Economy Potential of Intelligent, Hybrid and Intelligent–Hybrid Passenger Vehicles 80
1. Introduction 80
2. Vehicle models for simulation studies 84
3. Velocity scheduling using traffic preview 89
4. Hybrid vehicles with telematics 99
5. Optimal management of hybrid vehicles with telematics 101
6. Conclusions and future opportunities 107
Acknowledgements 108
Nomenclature 108
References 108
Chapter 4. Cost-Effective Vehicle and Fuel Technology Choices in a Carbon-Constrained World: Insights from Global Energy Systems Modeling 110
1. Introduction 110
2. Method 111
3. Results 123
4. Discussion and conclusions 127
Acknowledgments 129
References 129
Chapter 5. Expected Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Battery, Fuel Cell, andPlug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 132
1. Introduction 133
2. Background and previous research 134
3. Formation of GHG emissions from EV fuel cycles 137
4. Estimates of GHG emissions from EV fuel cycles 143
5. Magnitude of possible GHG reductions—scaling up the EV industry 166
6. Key uncertainties and areas for further research 167
7. Conclusions 169
Acknowledgments 170
References 170
Appendix 172
Chapter 6. Analysis of Design Tradeoffs for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 178
1. Introduction 179
2. Methods for studying PHEV design 180
3. PHEV subsystem description and tradeoff analysis 183
4. Case studies 201
5. Concluding remarks 205
References 206
Chapter 7. Evaluation of Energy Consumption, Emissions, and Costs of Plug-inHybrid Vehicles 212
1. Introduction 212
2. Factors affecting plug-in hybrid fuel consumption and emissions 214
3. SAE J1711 recommended practice 215
4. Methodology 217
5. United States, Europe, and Japan analysis 219
6. Conclusions 225
Acknowledgments 227
Nomenclature 228
References 228
Chapter 8. Improving Petroleum Displacement Potential of PHEVs Using EnhancedCharging Scenarios 230
1. Introduction 230
2. Approach 233
3. Results 237
4. Conclusions 243
Acknowledgments 243
References 244
Chapter 9. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and their Impact onEnergy Storage Technologies: An Overview 246
1. Introduction 246
2. The boundary conditions for automotive technology development 247
3. Fuel cell electric and battery electric vehicles — two competing concepts? 249
4. Fuel cell electric vehicles 251
5. Extended-range electric vehicles 256
6. Infrastructure issues 261
7. Conclusions 263
Acknowledgements 263
List of abbreviations 263
References 264
Chapter 10. On the Road Performance Simulation of Battery, Hydrogen, andHybrid Cars 266
1. Introduction 266
2. Simulation of efficient internal combustion vehicle 268
3. Simulation of fuel cell vehicle 276
4. Simulation of battery vehicle 279
5. Simulation of hybrid vehicles 286
6. Optimization of hybrid configuration 287
7. Conclusions 290
References 291
Appendix: Performance Measures 292
Chapter 11. Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Gasoline Vehicles 294
1. Introduction 294
2. Methodology 297
3. Scope 298
4. Limitations 299
5. Results and discussion 299
6. Concluding remarks 303
References 304
Chapter 12. DOE’s National Fuel Cell Vehicle Learning Demonstration Project —NREL’s Data Analysis Results 306
1. Introduction 307
2. Approach and industry partners 307
3. Demonstration logistics 308
4. Results 310
5. Concluding remarks 321
Acknowledgments 322
Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations 322
References 322
Chapter 13. Battery Requirements for HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs: An Overview 324
1. Introduction 324
2. General requirements 325
3. Specific requirements and examples 335
4. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles 359
5. Summary of the different Li ion chemistries existing at present, and to beused in HEVs, PHEVs, or EV 359
6. The future 361
References 363
Chapter 14. Battery Environmental Analysis 366
1. Introduction 367
2. Quantitative analyses: LCA 367
3. Model 371
4. Impact of the different battery technologies 376
5. Electric vehicles traction batteries 377
6. Qualitative analysis 390
References 393
Chapter 15. A Roadmap to Understand Battery Performance in Electric and HybridVehicle Operation 394
1. Introduction 394
2. Field test data collection and analysis 397
3. Laboratory battery tests 401
4. Single cell and battery pack modeling 413
5. Vehicle drivetrain platform modeling 418
6. Concluding remarks 419
Acknowledgement 420
References 420
Chapter 16. Batteries for PHEVs: Comparing Goals and the State of Technology 424
1. Introduction 424
2. Basic PHEV design concepts 427
3. PHEV battery goals 429
4. Battery technologies 436
5. Li-ion battery prospects 439
6. What PHEV could be made with near-term battery technologies? 442
7. Discussion and conclusion 444
Acknowledgements 445
References 445
Chapter 17. Battery Size and Capacity Use in Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid ElectricVehicles 448
1. Introduction 448
2. Defining the maximum pulse-power capability 450
3. A simple model for battery size and capacity use 452
4. A combined model for battery size and capacity use 460
5. Conclusions 477
Acknowledgements 478
Terminology 478
References 478
Chapter 18. Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 482
1. Introduction 483
2. Li-ion flavors 484
3. Li-ion cell failures 484
4. Why do Li-ion cells go into thermal runaway? 489
5. Typical safety circuits 495
6. HEV battery safety standards 498
7. System specific safety evaluation 501
8. Voltage introduced safety considerations 507
9. Summary 508
Acknowledgments 509
References 509
Chapter 19. Management of Batteries for Electric Traction Vehicles 512
1. Introduction 513
2. Application introduction 513
3. Battery management systems 518
4. Battery management system examples 528
5. Conclusion 532
Acknowledgments 533
Glossary 533
References 533
Chapter 20. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure 536
1. Introduction 537
2. Charging power levels 538
3. Charging modes for conductive charging 543
4. Communication issues 547
5. Accessories for charging 552
6. “Fast” charging 557
7. Inductive charging 558
8. Conclusions 560
References 561
Chapter 21. Market Prospects of Electric Passenger Vehicles 564
1. Introduction 565
2. Technical aspects 567
3. Relevant stakeholders and outline of calculation model 573
4. Scenario calculations 580
5. Conclusions and future opportunities 594
Nomenclature 595
References 596
Chapter 22. Automakers’ Powertrain Options for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 598
1. Introduction 599
2. Hybrid electric vehicles 600
3. Battery electric vehicles 625
4. Fuel cell hydrogen electric vehicles 643
5. Multi-purpose electrified traction platforms and architectures, and autoinnovation design 648
6. Conclusions 654
Appendix 656
Index 664