Light, Water, Hydrogen (eBook)

Craig A. Grimes received B.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Physics from the Pennsylvania State University in 1984, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1990.  In 1990 he joined the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory where he worked on artificial dielectric structures.  From 1994 to 2001 Dr. Grimes was a member of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Kentucky, where he was the Frank J. Derbyshire Professor.  He is currently a Professor at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park.  His research interests include solar generation of hydrogen by water photoelectrolysis, remote query chemical and environmental sensors, nano-dimensional metal-oxide thin film architectures, and propagation and control of electromagnetic energy.  He has contributed over 150 archival journal publications, eight book chapters, and over fifteen patents.  He is Editor-in-Chief of Sensor Letters, co-author of the book The Electromagnetic Origin of Quantum Theory and Light published by World Scientific (2nd Edition, 2005), and Editor of The Encyclopedia of Sensors to be published by American Scientific Publishing in 2005.

Foreword 5
Preface 12
Acknowledgment 14
Contents 15
Chapter 1 FROM HYDROCARBONS TO HYDROGEN: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE 21
1.1 Introduction 21
1.2 Hydrogen: A Historical Perspective 27
1.3 Renewable Energy and Hydrogen 30
1.4 The Energy Carriers: Hydrogen or Electricity? 32
1.5 Hydrogen as a Chemical Fuel 35
1.6 The Hydrogen Economy 37
1.7 Hydrogen Production [20] 38
1.8 Hydrogen and Transportation 44
1.9 Environmental Effects of Hydrogen 48
1.10 Hydrogen Storage 48
1.11 Hydrogen Safety 49
References 50
Chapter 2 HYDROGEN GENERATION BY WATER SPLITTING 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Hydrogen Production By Water Electrolysis 54
2.3 Hydrogen Production by Thermochemical Water- Splitting 71
2.4 Hydrogen Production By Water Biophotolysis 86
2.5 Other Techniques for H2 production via Water Splitting 103
References 112
Chapter 3 PHOTOELECTROLYSIS 133
3.1 General Description of Photoelectrolysis 133
3.3 Types of Photoelectrochemical Devices 141
3.4 Photoelectrolysis Principles 143
3.5 Photoelectrochemical Cell Band Model 170
3.6 Efficiency of Water Splitting in a Photoelectrochemical Cell 175
References 197
Chapter 4 OXIDE SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS AS PHOTOANODES 209
4.1 Introduction 209
4.2 Photoanode Reaction Mechanisms 210
4.3 General Description of Oxide Semiconductor Photoanodes 214
4.4 Single Crystal Materials as Photoanodes 217
4.5 Polycrystalline Photoanode Materials 224
4.6 Thin Film Photoanode Materials 227
4.7 Nanocrystalline and Nanoporous Thin Film Materials as Photoanodes 237
4.8 Quantum-size Effects in Nanocrystalline Semiconductors 249
References 260
Chapter 5 OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS: NANO- CRYSTALLINE, TUBULAR AND POROUS SYSTEMS 274
5.1 Introduction 274
5.2 Synthesis of Nanotubular Oxide Semiconductors 276
5.3 Fabrication of Titania Nanotube Arrays by Anodization 285
5.4 Doped Titania Nanotube Arrays 314
5.5 Material Properties 319
5.6 Optical Properties of Titania Nanotubes Arrays 328
5.7 Photoelectrochemical and Water Photolysis Properties 340
5.8 Ti-Fe-O Nanotube Array Films for Solar Spectrum Water Photoelectrolysis 355
References 370
Chapter 6 OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS: SUSPENDED NANOPARTICLE SYSTEMS 387
6.1 Introduction 387
6.2 Nanoparticle-Based Photocatalytic Water Splitting 390
6.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Techniques 392
6.4 Synthesis of Complex Oxide Semiconductors 401
6.5 Design of Oxide Semiconductors 403
6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 426
References 427
Chapter 7 NON- OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES 443
7.1 General Description of Non-Oxide Semiconductors 443
7.2 General Synthesis Techniques of Non-Oxide Semiconductors 449
7.3 Non-Oxide Photoelectrode Systems and Water Photoelectrolysis 457
7.4 Non-oxide Suspended Particle Systems and Direct Water Splitting 471
7.5 Concluding Remarks 481
References 481
Chapter 8 PHOTOVOLTAIC - ELECTROLYSIS CELLS 500
8.1 Introduction 500
8.2 General Description of Solar Cell Technology 501
8.3 PV-Electrolysis Systems for Hydrogen Production [ 1- 34,41,43,87- 92] 514
8.4 Multi-junction PV Tandem Cells for Hydrogen Production [ 35- 39,44,45,93- 101] 516
References 522
Index 532