Polarization Effects in Semiconductors (eBook)

Preface 5
Contributors 7
Contents 9
Theoretical Approach to Polarization Effects in Semiconductors 14
1 Introduction 14
2 Basic Electrostatics 15
3 Polarization 17
4 Ab Initio Calculations of the Electronic Structure 18
5 Modern Theory of Polarization 19
6 Polarization at Interfaces: Interface Dipoles 23
7 Spontaneous Polarization in theWurtzite Structure: BeO 25
8 GaN/AlN Superlattice: Spontaneous Polarization and Piezoelectricity 26
9 Electric Field-Driven Diffusion and Segregation of Dopants in Superlattices 29
10 Summary 36
References 37
Polarization Induced Effects in GaN-based Heterostructures and Novel Sensors 39
1 Introduction 39
2 First-Principles Prediction of Structural and Pyroelectric Properties 41
3 Lattice Constants, Average Bond Length and Bond Angles in Ternary Compounds 42
4 Polarity 52
5 Growth of Undoped AlGaN/GaN, InGaN/GaN and AlInN/GaN Hetero- and Nanostructures 53
6 Non-Linear Spontaneous and Piezoelectric Polarization in Group- III- Nitrides 54
7 Polarization Induced Surface and Interface Charges 68
8 Sheet Carrier Concentration of Polarization Induced 2DEGs 73
9 Sensors Based on Polarization Induced 2DEGs 86
10 Summary 112
References 115
Lateral and Vertical Charge Transport in Polar Nitride Heterostructures: 122
1 Polar Heterostructures: What Do They Offer? 122
2 Theoretical Approach 128
3 Tailoring of Vertical Junctions 139
4 Nitride HFETS: Transport Issues 145
5 Smart HFETs: Multi-Functional Devices 153
6 Conclusions 165
References 165
Polarization Effects on Low-Field Transport & Mobility in III- V Nitride HEMTs
1 Introduction 171
2 Polarization-Induced 2DEGs in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs 173
3 Scattering Mechanisms 181
4 Using Theory to Explain Experimental Data 204
5 Summary and Conclusions 208
6 Appendix on the Theory of Low-Field Transport & Mobility
References 224
Local Polarization Effects in Nitride Heterostructures and Devices 227
1 Introduction 227
2 Polarization-Based Engineering of Nitride Heterostructures 235
3 Localized Effects of Polarization 253
References 270
Polarization inWide Bandgap Semiconductors and their Characterization by Scanning Probe Microscopy 275
1 Introduction 275
2 III-N and SiC Heterostructures 279
3 Interface and Surface Charge in SiC and III-N Heterojunctions 284
4 SPM Characterization of Heterostructures 295
5 Summary 312
References 313
Functionally Graded Polar Heterostuctures: New Materials for Multifunctional Devices 316
1 Introduction 316
2 Graded Polar Nitride Semiconductor Heterostructures 317
3 Universal Physics of Functionally Graded Ferroelectric and Ferromagnetic Alloys 354
4 Summary and Challenges 377
References 377
Polarization in GaN Based Heterostructures and Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors ( HFETs) 382
Introduction 382
1 Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors (HFETs) 385
2 AlGaN/GaN HFET Performance 433
References 466
Effects of Polarization in Optoelectronic Quantum Structures 476
1 Introduction 476
2 Basic Elements of the Theory of Polarization in III-V Nitride Heterostructures 477
3 Experimental Manifestation of Polarization Fields in Group-III Nitride Based Nanostructures 503
4 Conclusion 515
References 516
Index 521