Coronal Mass Ejections (eBook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 6
FOREWORD 8
A BRIEF HISTORY OF CME SCIENCE 10
1. Introduction 10
2. Historical Observations 10
3. Theories 16
4. Overview 16
Acknowledgements 17
References 17
CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS: OVERVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS 19
1. Background 19
2. Techniques of Observation 22
3. Coronagraphic Observations 24
4. Non-Coronagraphic Observations 30
5. Remarks on Theory 32
References 34
IN-SITU SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETIC FIELD SIGNATURES OF INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS 37
1. Introduction 37
2. ICME Signatures 37
3. Summary and Discussion 45
Acknowledgements 47
References 47
AN INTRODUCTION TO CMES AND ENERGETIC PARTICLES 50
1. Introduction 50
2. CMEs at the Sun 51
3. Propagation of CMEs 54
4. Structure of ICMEs 56
5. Summary 58
References 59
AN INTRODUCTION TO THEORY AND MODELS OF CMES, SHOCKS, AND SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES 62
1. Introduction 62
2. The MHD Model 65
3. Relevant Observations 65
4. Classification of Models 66
5. Examples of "Storage and Release” Models 66
6. Connecting the Corona to the Heliosphere: The CME–ICME Connection 69
7. CME-Driven Shock Propagation 70
8. Acceleration of Energetic Particles 72
9. Future Directions: Confronting Models with Observations 77
Acknowledgements 79
References 79
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PRE-CME CORONA 86
1. Introduction 86
2. Energy Requirements for CMEs 86
3. Photospheric and Chromospheric Fields 87
4. Energy Budgets from Field Measurements 89
5. Role of Multipolar Flux Systems 90
6. Role of Filaments 91
7. Existence of Pre-CME Fluxropes 93
8. Role of Sigmoids 93
9. Rotating Sunspots and Sigmoids 94
10. Models of the Pre-CME Sun 95
11. Concluding Remarks 95
Acknowledgements 96
References 96
SOLAR IMPRINT ON ICMES, THEIR MAGNETIC CONNECTIVITY, AND HELIOSPHERIC EVOLUTION 98
1. Introduction 98
2. Internal Structure and Connectivity 98
3. External Forces and Structures 106
4. Conclusion 112
Acknowledgements 112
References 112
ICMES IN THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE AND AT HIGH LATITUDES: AN INTRODUCTION 115
1. Introduction 115
2. Radial Evolution of ICMEs 116
3. ICMEs at High Heliographic Latitudes 123
4. Summary 128
Acknowledgements 128
References 128
CORONAL OBSERVATIONS OF CMEs 131
1. Introduction 132
2. Available Observations 132
3. CME Properties 141
4. CME Evolution and Dynamics 151
5. Reconnection: Observable Signatures? 164
6. Future Observations Needed 170
References 174
UNDERSTANDING INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTION SIGNATURES 181
1. Introduction 181
2. Signatures of ICMEs with In-Situ Data 182
3. Boundaries and Multiple ICMEs 197
4. 3-D Structure 202
5. Other SolarWind Transients 211
6. Conclusions and Discussion 213
Acknowledgements 214
References 214
ENERGETIC PARTICLE OBSERVATIONS 221
1. Introduction 221
2. Solar Energetic Particle Observations 223
3. Acceleration and Transport 235
4. Particle Release Time and the Electromagnetic Signature of SEP Events 242
5. ICMEs and Energetic Particles 244
6. Summary 246
Acknowledgements 249
References 249
CME THEORY AND MODELS 255
1. Introduction 256
2. CME Initiation 258
3. CME Evolution and Propagation 271
4. Flux Rope Modeling and Fitting 282
5. Shock Formation 286
6. Particle Acceleration and Transport 290
7. Concluding Remarks 299
Acknowledgments 300
References 300
THE PRE-CME SUN 307
1. Introduction to the Pre-CME Sun 307
2. Pre-Eruption Structure 308
3. Pre-Eruption Evolution 319
4. Pre-Eruption Energetic Signatures 329
5. Global Issues 335
6. Discussion, Summary and Future Perspectives 336
Acknowledgements 339
References 339
MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF CMES AND ASSOCIATED PHENOMENA 344
1. Introduction 345
2. Coordinated Multi-Wavelength Signatures of CME Development 347
3. Magnetic Reconnection 355
4. Observational Signatures of Current Sheets 358
5. Coronal Shocks andWaves 362
6. Radio Diagnostics of Coronal Electron Acceleration and In-Situ Electrons 372
7. Summary 378
Acknowledgements 380
References 380
ICMES IN THE INNER HELIOSPHERE: ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND PROPAGATION EFFECTS 386
1. Introduction 386
2. Relating ICMEs to CMEs 387
3. Evolution of ICME Parameters 392
4. ICME Dynamics and Interactions 398
5. Solar Cycle Variations 402
6. Comparison of Observations and Models 405
7. Remote Sensing of ICMEs 410
8. Conclusions 413
Acknowledgements 414
References 415
ICMES AT HIGH LATITUDES AND IN THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE 420
1. Introduction 420
2. Observations at Moderate Heliocentric Distances and all Latitudes 422
3. Radial Evolution of ICMEs in the Outer Heliosphere 429
4. Large Transient Events in the Outer Heliosphere 437
5. Interpretation of In Situ Observations Using Modeling 444
6. Conclusions 449
References 450
CME DISTURBANCE FORECASTING 455
1. Background 455
2. Arrival Times of CME Disturbances 456
3. Intensities of CME Disturbances 461
4. Summary 470
Acknowledgements 471
References 471
CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS 473
1. Introduction 473
2. What doWe Need to Understand? 475
3. What is Needed? 478
4. The Sun as a Star 479
5. Final Remarks 481
Acknowledgements 481
References 481
GLOSSARY 483