Emulsion Science (eBook)

Contents 5
Preface 8
Emulsions and Common Sense 8
Acknowledgments 9
Introduction 10
References 13
Emulsification 14
1.1. Introduction 14
1.2. High-Pressure Homogenization 14
1.3. Membrane Emulsification 15
1.4. Microchannel Emulsification 16
1.5. Spontaneous Emulsification 19
1.6. Phase Inversion 20
1.6.1. PIT Method 20
1.6.2. Generalization 23
1.6.3. Examples 25
1.7. Application of a Controlled Shear 27
1.7.1. Emulsion Preparation and Characterization 29
1.7.2. Fragmentation Kinetics of Model Emulsions 30
1.7.3. Breaking Mechanisms 30
1.7.4. Generalization 34
1.7.5. Parameters Governing the Rayleigh Instability 35
1.7.6. Examples of Monodisperse Materials 41
1.8. Conclusion 49
References 51
Force Measurements 61
2.1. Introduction 61
2.2. Long-Range Forces 61
2.2.1. Techniques for Surface Force Measurements 62
2.2.2. Recent Advances 66
2.3. Short-Range Forces and Adhesion Between Emulsion Droplets 98
2.3.1. Energy of Adhesion and Contact Angles 98
2.3.2. Experimental Measurements of the Adhesive Energy 102
2.4. Conclusion 106
References 107
Phase Transitions 114
3.1. Introduction 114
3.2. Weak Attractive Interactions and Equilibrium Phase Transitions 114
3.2.1. Experimental Observations 114
3.2.2. Models for Phase Transitions 127
3.3. Gelation and Kinetically Induced Ordering 129
3.4. Conclusion 132
References 133
Compressibility and Elasticity of Concentrated Emulsions 135
4.1. Introduction 135
4.2. Basic Concepts 136
4.3. Experimental Techniques 137
4.3.1. Elasticity Measurements 137
4.3.2. Compressibility Measurements 137
4.4. Compressibility and Elasticity of Surfactant- Stabilized Emulsions 138
4.4.1. Experimental Results 138
4.4.2. Theoretical Approaches 141
4.5. Compressibility and Elasticity of Solid- Stabilized Emulsions 144
4.5.1. Osmotic Stress Resistance Measurements 145
4.5.2. Surface Properties: Elasticity and Plasticity 146
4.6. Conclusion 149
References 150
Stability of Concentrated Emulsions 152
5.1. Introduction 152
5.2. Ostwald Ripening 153
5.3. Coalescence 155
5.3.1. General Phenomenology and Microscopic Description 155
5.4. Measurements of the Coalescence Frequency 159
5.4.1. Simple Emulsions Stabilized by Surfactants 160
5.4.2. Double Emulsions Stabilized by Surfactants 166
5.4.3. Simple Emulsions Stabilized by Solid Particles 168
5.5. Gelation and Homothetic Contraction 172
5.6. Partial Coalescence in Emulsions Comprising Partially Crystallized Droplets 176
5.7. Conclusion 177
References 178
Double Emulsions 182
6.1. Introduction 182
6.2. W/O/W Surfactant-Stabilized Emulsions 183
6.2.1. Emulsion Preparation 183
6.2.2. General Phenomenology 185
6.2.3. Role of the Hydrophilic Surfactant in Inducing Coalescence 187
6.2.4. Kinetics of Release 191
6.2.5. Water Transport Under Osmotic Pressure Mismatch 196
6.3. W/O/W Polymer-Stabilized Emulsions 197
6.3.1. Phenomenological Model for Compositional Ripening 200
6.3.2. Microscopic Approaches of the Permeability: State of the Art 201
6.3.3. Influence of Temperature on Compositional Ripening 202
6.4. Solid-Stabilized Double Emulsions 203
6.5. Conclusion 205
References 205
New Challenges for Emulsions: Biosensors, Nano- reactors, and Templates 209
7.1. Introduction 209
7.2. Emulsions as Biosensors 209
7.2.1. Emulsions for Homogeneous Assays 210
7.2.2. Emulsions for Single Immunocomplex Micromechanics 215
7.3. Emulsions as Nano-reactors 219
7.3.1. Screening of Large Libraries and Directed Enzyme Evolution 220
7.4. Emulsions as Microtemplates 223
7.4.1. Colloidal Clusters and Micro-optics 223
References 227
General Conclusion 232
Index 234