Vehicle Propulsion Systems (eBook)

Preface 5
Preface 7
Contents 8
1 Introduction 12
1.1 Motivation 12
1.2 Objectives 13
1.3 Upstream Processes 16
1.4 Energy Density of On-Board Energy Carriers 21
1.5 Pathways to Better Fuel Economy 23
2 Vehicle Energy and Fuel Consumption – Basic Concepts 24
2.1 Vehicle Energy Losses and Performance Analysis 24
2.2 Mechanical Energy Demand in Driving Cycles 32
2.3 Methods and Tools for the Prediction of Fuel Consumption 43
3 IC-Engine-Based Propulsion Systems 53
3.1 IC Engine Models 53
3.2 Gear-Box Models 57
3.3 Fuel Consumption of IC Engine Powertrains 64
4 Electric and Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems 69
4.1 Electric Propulsion Systems 69
4.2 Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems 70
4.3 Electric Motors 80
4.4 Batteries 101
4.5 Supercapacitors 120
4.6 Electric Power Links 126
4.7 Torque Couplers 129
4.8 Power Split Devices 131
5 Non-electric Hybrid Propulsion Systems 141
5.1 Short-Term Storage Systems 141
5.2 Flywheels 144
5.3 Continuously Variable Transmissions 150
5.4 Hydraulic Accumulators 155
5.5 Hydraulic Pumps/Motors 163
5.6 Pneumatic Hybrid Engine Systems 167
6 Fuel-Cell Propulsion Systems 174
6.1 Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles and Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicles 174
6.2 Fuel Cells 176
6.3 Reformers 206
7 Supervisory Control Algorithms 214
7.1 Introduction 214
7.2 Heuristic Control Strategies 215
7.3 Optimal Control Strategies 217
8 Appendix I – Case Studies 235
8.1 Case Study 1: Gear Ratio Optimization 235
8.2 Case Study 2: Dual-Clutch System - Gear Shifting 239
8.3 Case Study 3: IC Engine and Flywheel Powertrain 242
8.4 Case Study 4: Supervisory Control for a Parallel HEV 249
8.5 Case Study 5: Optimal Rendez-Vous Maneuvers 259
8.6 Case Study 6: Fuel Optimal Trajectories of a Racing FCEV 269
8.7 Case Study 7: Optimal Control of a Series Hybrid Bus 278
8.8 Case Study 8: Hybrid Pneumatic Engine 288
9 Appendix II – Optimal Control Theory 297
9.1 Parameter Optimization Problems 297
9.2 Optimal Control 306
10 Appendix III – Dynamic Programming 318
10.1 Introduction 318
10.2 Theory 319
10.3 Implementation Issues 322
References 330