Surface Engineered Surgical Tools and Medical Devices (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 9
1. Atomic Scale Machining of Surfaces 22
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 Theoretical Basis of Nanomachining 24
1.3 Further Developments 39
References 39
2. Anodization: A Promising Nano-Modification Technique of Titanium-based Implants for Orthopedic Applications 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Anodization of Titanium 43
2.3 Structure and Properties of Anodized Oxide Film 54
2.4 Future Directions 64
Acknowledgements 65
References 65
3. Titanium Dioxide Coatings in Medical Device Applications 68
3.1 Introduction 68
References 81
4. The Effect of Shape and Surface Modification on the Corrosion of Biomedical Nitinol Alloy Wires Exposed to Saline Solution 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Experimental Methods 84
4.3 Summary 96
Acknowledgements 98
References 98
5. Cardiovascular Interventional and Implantable Devices 100
5.1 Introduction 100
5.2 Cardiovascular Interventional Tools 100
5.3 Key Surface Properties for Cardiovascular Interventional Devices 103
5.4 Cardiovascular Implantable Devices 104
5.5 Electrical Implantable Devices 105
5.6 Mechanical Implantables 108
5.7 Important Surface Properties for Implantable Cardiovascular Devices 111
References 113
6. Surface Engineering Artificial Heart Valves to Improve Quality of Life and Lifetime using Modified Diamond- like Coatings 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 History of Mechanical Heart Valves 116
6.3 Thrombosis 123
6.4 Hemocompatibility 125
6.5 Endothelium and Endothelial Cell Seeding 128
6.6 Surface Engineering Artificial Heart Valves 130
6.7 Summary 149
References 151
7. Diamond Surgical Tools 156
7.1 Introduction 156
7.3 History of Diamond 158
7.2 Properties of Diamond 158
7.4 CVD Diamond Technology 164
7.5 CVD Diamond Processes 165
7.6 Treatment of Substrate 169
7.7 Modification of HFCVD Process 174
7.8 Nucleation and Growth 177
7.10 Wear of Diamond 195
7.11 Time-Modulated CVD Diamond 203
7.12 Conclusions 211
References 211
8. Dental Tool Technology 215
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Burs and Abrasive Points 217
8.3 Classification of Dental Burs 221
8.4 Coding of Dental Tools 221
8.5 Dental Devices 226
8.6 Dental Laboratory Materials 227
8.7 Dental Cutting Tools 238
8.8 Health and Safety 243
9. Nanocrystalline Diamond: Deposition Routes and Clinical Applications 254
9.1 Introduction 254
9.2 Nanocrystalline Diamond 256
9.3 Clinical Applications 269
9.4 Summary 277
References 278
10. Environmental Engineering Controls and Monitoring in Medical Device Manufacturing 285
10.1 Introduction 285
10.2 Stressor Source, Properties, and Characteristics 287
10.3 Sterilization 287
10.4 Cleaning, Etching, and Surface Preparation 296
10.5 Adhesive Applications 306
10.6 Coating Applications 307
10.7 Drilling, Grinding, Cutting, and Machining 308
10.8 Welding and Soldering 310
10.9 General Maintenance Activities 311
10.10 Laboratory Research and Testing 312
10.11 Environmental and Engineering Controls 313
10.12 Substitution 314
10.13 Process Controls 314
10.14 Enclosure/Isolation 315
10.15 Process Change or Elimination 316
10.16 Ventilation Controls 316
10.17 Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing 324
10.18 Control Strategies in Device Manufacturing 324
10.19 Monitoring 326
10.20 Particle, Fumes, and Aerosol Monitoring 327
10.21 Vapors and Gases 333
10.22 Ionizing Radiation 339
10.23 Non-Ionizing Radiation 341
10.24 Noise and Heat Stress 342
10.25 Microbial Environmental Monitoring 343
10.26 Clean Room Monitoring Requirements 346
10.27 Monitor Selection in Device Manufacturing 347
10.28 Summary 349
References 349
11. Biomaterial-Cell-Tissue Interactions In Surface Engineered Carbon- Based Biomedical Implants and Devices 352
11.1 Introduction to Surface Engineered Carbon- Based Materials 352
11.2 Potential Biomedical Applications of DLC 358
11.3 Definitions and General Aspects of Biocompatibility 359
11.4 Blood 361
11.5 Cell Culture/Seeding Peculiar to Each Cell 367
11.6 Statistics and Counting of Cells 370
11.7 Stereological Investigations 371
11.8 Photo-Fluorescent Imaging of Cells/Tissues 372
11.9 Biocompatibility and Hemo-compatibility Models 374
11.10 Carbon- based Materials Interaction with Selected Proteins and Cells 378
11.11 DLC Interactions with Fibroblasts In-Vitro 379
11.12 Endothelial Pre-seeding on Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 411
11.13 Bio- assays and Assessment of Intracellular Activities 417
11.14 In- vivo Studies of Carbon- based Materials: Cell-Tissue Interactions In-situ 428
11.15 On-going and Future Investigations 437
References 440
12. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bio-Nanotechnology 449
12.1 Introduction 449
12.2 Bio-Nanomaterials 450
12.4 Analysis 474
12.5 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 478
12.6 Conclusions 479
References 479
13. Bonelike® Graft for Regenerative Bone Applications 486
13.1 Introduction 486
13.2 Synthetic Bone Graft Material - Bonelike 495
13.3 Summary 518
References 518
14. Machining Cancellous Bone Prior to Prosthetic Implantation 522
14.1 Introduction 522
14.2 Structure of Cancellous Bone 523
14.3 Theory of Micromachining 524
14.4 Initial Chip Curl Modeling 527
14.5 Experimental 533
14.6 Discussion 538
14.7 Conclusions 539
References 540
15. Titanium and Titanium Alloy Applications in Medicine 541
15.1 Metallurgical Aspects 541
15.2 Principal Requirements of Medical Implants 553
15.3 Shape Memory Alloys 562
15.4 Conclusions 576
References 576
INDEX 585