Foundations of Systematics and Biogeography (eBook)

David M. Williams is a diatom researcher and Head of Global Biodiversity Group in the Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London.He has published over 150 scientific papers, including 6 books. Among his books he is a co-author of the standard text Cladistics: The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis (1992) and co-editor on Models in Phylogeny Reconstruction (1994) and Milestones in Systematics (2004). He is interested in the history and theory of systematics and biogeography and the systmatics of diatoms. Malte C. Ebach is the WP5 Scientific Coordinator for the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy at the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. His interests include the history and theory of comparative biology (systematics and biogeography), Goethe's way of Science and when he has the time, trilobite taxonomy.

Foreword 6
Prologue 8
Acknowledgments 10
Contents 11
Introduction: Systematics, Evolution, and Classification 16
1.1 The Evolution of "Cladistics" 17
1.2 Cladistic Analysis 24
1.3 Cladistic Classification 29
1.4 Overview 33
Systematics as Problem-Solving 36
2.1 The Problem 36
2.2 The Solutions 36
2.3 Discovering Solutions 39
The Archetype 43
3.1 The Dynamic Organism: 43
3.2 The Beginnings of Comparative Biology: Goethe’s Archetype 44
3.3 Visualizing the Archetype 45
3.4 Metamorphosis 47
3.5 Urhomologie 48
3.6 Relating the Ideal Organism 49
3.7 Transformation and Goethe’s Archetype 50
Ernst Haeckel and Systematische Phylogenie 52
4.1 Ernst Haeckel and Darwin 52
4.2 Haeckel’s Genealogical Oaks and Stick “Trees” 53
4.3 Heinrich Georg Bronn: Trunks and Twigs 54
4.4 Schleicher, Linguistics & Trees
4.5 Haeckel and Palaeontological Truth 62
The German Development of Morphology: From Ernst Haeckel to Willi Hennig 68
5.1 Post-Haeckelian Systematics 68
5.2 After Haeckel: Spemann and Homology 70
5.3 Adolf Naef and “Systematische Morphologie” ( Systematic Morphology) 71
5.4 Konrad Lorenz, Homology, and Systematics 78
5.5 Willi Hennig and the Resurrection of Transformational Systematics 79
5.6 A Postscript on Naef’s Criteria: Patterson’s Homology Testing 82
Pattern Cladistics 97
6.1 Preamble 101
6.2 Discovering Léon Croizat 102
6.3 Erik Stensiö, Vertebrate Palaeontology, and the Birth of Cladistics 104
6.4 Lars Brundin, Vertebrate Palaeontology, and the Growth of Cladistics: “ An Unlikely Place to Find Enlightenment” 108
6.5 Lars Brundin and Léon Croizat: Conflict over Origins 110
6.6 The London Reaction: A Salmon, a Lungfish, a Cow, and the Vertebrate Palaeontologists 111
6.7 The Beginnings in New York: Fossils and Reform 132
6.8 New York Collaborations: Distributions and Historical Biogeography 134
6.9 The Two Cladistics 137
6.10 Overview 138
Homologues and Homology 141
7.1 The Search for the Unit of Classification 141
7.2 Homologues and Analogues 146
7.3 Homology and Analogy 146
7.4 Homology 148
7.5 Homotype 149
7.6 Analogy 150
7.7 The Conceptual Split: Owen's Archetype and the Path to Transformation 151
7.8 Parts and Their Meaning 152
Discovering Homologues 154
8.1 Homologues and Criteria 154
8.2 Homologues and Phenetics 156
8.3 Homologues and Cladistics 161
8.4 The Data Matrix 164
Homology and Systematics 170
9.1 Natural Systems, Affinity, and Analogy 170
9.2 William Sharp MacLeay and "Affinity" and "Analogy" 170
9.3 The Horae Entomologicae (MacLeay 1819–1821) and After 173
9.4 WestwoodÌs Affinity and Analogy 175
9.5 StricklandÌs Affinity and Analogy 176
9.6 Owen and Strickland on Homology and Analogy 177
9.7 Homology and Relationship 178
9.8 Homology, Analogy, Parts, and Wholes 180
Homology and Transformation 183
10.1 The Process of Change 183
10.2 Material Transformation 184
10.3 Logical Transformation 189
10.4 Generalised Causes 190
10.5 Transformation Revisited 192
Character Conflict 199
11.1 The Problem of Conflict 199
11.2 Cladistic Analysis 202
11.3 The Data Matrix-Again: Components Characters 209
11.4 Augmented Component Analysis 222
The Analyses of Relationships 225
12.1 Three-Item Data 225
12.2 The Relationship Between Three-Item Statements and Binary Characters 225
12.3 The Relationship Between Three-Item Statements and Multi- State Characters 228
12.4 Cladogram Length and Three-Item Statements 228
12.5 Information Measures: How Good Is a Three-Item Cladogram? 228
12.6 Minimal Trees 229
12.7 Explanations 231
12.8 “Reversals” 231
12.9 Alternatives to Simulation 232
12.10 Summary 242
Biogeographical Relationships, Evolution, and Classification 243
13.1 Prelude 243
13.2 The Threefold Parallelism: Its Beginning 246
13.3 Haeckel’s Hypothetische Skizze des monophyletischen Ursprungs und der Verbreitung der 12 Menschen-Species von Lemurien aus über die Erde and the Concept of Chorology 248
13.4 The Development of Chorology 251
13.5 Vicariance Versus Dispersal: Another "False War" 255
13.6 Origins 256
13.7 Realms, Regions, and Provinces 259
13.8 Agassiz's (1854) Geographical Realms: 261
13.9 Regions, Homology, and Relationships 264
13.10 Sclater, Huxley, and the Classification of Regions 264
13.11 CroizatÌs Radical Realms: Ocean Basin and Cladograms 266
13.12 The Threefold Parallelism: . . . and Its End 268
13.13 Systematic Biogeography: The Rediscovery of Classification 269
Epilogue: Pattern Cladistics From Goethe to Brady 274
References 277
Index 320