Optical Polarization in Biomedical Applications (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Light Interaction with Tissues 11
1.2 Definitions of Polarized Light 13
2 Tissue Structure and Optical Models 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Continuous and Discrete Tissue Models 17
2.3 Scatterer Size Range and Distribution 18
2.4 Refractive-Index Variations and Absorption 20
2.5 Tissue Anisotropy 23
2.6 Volume Fraction and Spatial Ordering of Particles 27
2.7 Eye Tissue Optical Models 29
2.8 Fractal Properties of Tissues and Cell Aggregates 35
2.9 Summary 37
3 Polarized Light Interactions with Weakly Scattering Media 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Noninteracting Particles 39
3.3 Densely Packed Correlated Particles 45
3.4 Summary 51
4 Polarized Light Interactions with Strongly Scattering Media 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Multiple Scattering and Radiative Transfer Theory 54
4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation Technique 60
4.4 Densely Packed Particle Systems 69
4.5 Summary 75
5 Polarization Properties of Tissues and Phantoms 76
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Light Scattering Matrix Meters 77
5.3 LSM of Thin Tissue and Cell Layers 79
5.4 Strongly Scattering Tissues and Phantoms 84
5.5 Summary 90
6 Polarization-Dependent Interference of Multiply Scattered Light 92
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Coherent Backscattering 93
6.3 Polarization-Dependent Temporal Correlations of the Scattered Light 98
6.4 Polarization Microstatistics of Speckles 106
6.5 The Concept of Polarization-Correlation Universality 110
6.6 Summary 117
7 Decay of Light Polarization in Random Multiple Scattering Media 118
7.1 The Similarity in Multiple Scattering of Coherent Light 118
7.2 Influence of Scattering Anisotropy and Scattering Regime 126
7.3 Residual Polarization of Incoherently Backscattered Light 131
7.4 Polarization Decay in Absorbing Media 134
7.5 Summary 145
8 Degree of Polarization in Laser Speckles from Turbid Media 146
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 Experiments and Simulation 147
8.3 Discussion and Conclusions 153
9 Monte Carlo Modeling of Polarization Propagation in Strongly Scattering Media 155
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 Method 156
9.3 Results 158
9.4 Summary 165
10 Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography 166
10.1 Introduction 166
10.2 Experimental System: Serial Implementation 167
10.3 Jones Calculus and Mueller Calculus 169
10.4 Experimental System: Parallel Implementation 172
10.5 Experimental Results 177
10.6 Other Implementations 180
10.7 Summary 181
11 Biomedical Diagnostics and Imaging 182
11.1 Introduction 182
11.2 Imaging through Scattering Media and Tissues with Use of Polarized Light 182
11.3 Transillumination Polarization Techniques 186
11.4 Potentialities and Restrictions of Polarization Imaging with Backscattered Light 188
11.5 Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy of Tissues 196
11.6 Glucose Sensing 197
11.7 Cytometry and Bacteria Sensing 204
11.8 Polarization Microscopy and Tissue Clearing 209
11.9 Digital Photoelastic Analysis 221
11.10 Fluorescence Polarization 223
11.11 Summary 228
A Appendix 229
Single-Scattering Mueller Matrix from Mie Theory 229
Coordinate Transformation in a Multiple Scattering Medium 230
Glossary 233
References 249
Index 283