Infectious Diseases and Arthropods (eBook)

Infectious Diseases and Arthropods 2
Series Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Preface 7
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 11
Section I: Arthropods and Human Health 17
Chapter 1 18
Arthropods and Health 18
1.1 Classification of Arthropods 18
1.1.1 Insects 18
1.1.2 Spiders 20
1.1.3 Mites and Ticks 23
1.1.4 Scorpions 23
1.1.5 Centipedes and Millipedes 24
1.2 Medical Importance of Arthropods 25
1.2.1 Historical Aspects of Medically Important Arthropods 25
1.2.2 Direct Effects on Health 26
1.2.3 Indirect Effects on Health 27
1.2.3.1 Disease Transmission 27
1.2.3.2 Arthropod Allergy 28
References 32
Chapter 2 34
Dynamics of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 34
2.1 Mechanical vs Biological Transmission of Pathogens 34
2.1.1 Mechanical Transmission 34
2.1.2 Biological Transmission 35
2.2 Vector Competence 39
2.2.1 Incrimination of Vectors: A Complicated Issue 40
References 42
Section II: Major Arthropod-Borne Diseases 44
Chapter 3 45
Mosquito-Borne Diseases 45
3.1 Basic Mosquito Biology 45
3.2 Malaria 49
3.2.1 Introduction 49
3.2.2 The Disease and Its Diagnosis 52
3.2.3 The Causative Agent and Life Cycle 52
3.2.4 Mosquito Vectors and Behavior 54
3.2.5 Malaria Treatment and Control 58
3.2.5.1 Prevention and Vector Control 58
3.2.5.2 Malaria Vaccine 58
3.2.5.3 Antimalarial Drugs 59
3.3 Mosquito-Transmitted Encephalitis Viruses 59
3.3.1 Introduction and General Comments 59
3.3.2 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) 60
3.3.2.1 The Disease 60
3.3.2.2 Ecology of EEE 61
3.3.2.3 Differential Diagnosis of EEE 62
3.3.2.4 Control of EEE 62
3.3.3 St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) 63
3.3.3.1 The Disease 63
3.3.3.2 Ecology of SLE 64
3.3.3.3 Control of SLE 66
3.3.4 West Nile Encephalitis (WNV) 67
3.3.4.1 Control of West Nile Encephalitis 68
3.3.5 Other Mosquito-Borne Viruses 68
3.3.5.1 Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) 68
3.3.5.2 Lacrosse Encephalitis (LAC) 68
3.3.5.3 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) 69
3.3.5.4 Japanese Encephalitis (JE) 70
3.3.5.5 Chikungunya 70
3.4 Dengue Fever 72
3.4.1 Introduction 72
3.4.2 Spread of the Virus 72
3.4.3 Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics 75
3.4.3.1 Risk Factors for DHF/DSS 76
3.4.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control 76
3.4.4.1 Dengue Vaccine 77
3.5 Yellow Fever (YF) 77
3.5.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 77
3.5.2 Brief History of Yellow Fever 79
3.5.3 Jungle vs Urban YF Cycles 81
3.5.4 Treatment and Prevention 81
3.6 Lymphatic Filariasis 82
3.6.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 82
3.6.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 82
3.6.3 Ecology of Lymphatic Filariasis 84
3.6.3.1 Bancroftian Filariasis 84
3.6.3.2 Brugian or Malayan Filariasis 86
3.6.3.3 Filarial Life Cycle in Hosts 86
3.6.3.4 Nocturnal Periodicity 86
3.6.3.5 Treatment 88
3.7 Other Human-Infesting Filarial Worms 88
References 91
Chapter 4 94
Tick-Borne Diseases 94
4.1 Basic Tick Biology 94
4.2 Rocky Mountain-Spotted Fever (RMSF) 97
4.2.1 Introduction 97
4.2.2 Clinical and Laboratory Aspects of RMSF 98
4.2.3 Ecology of RMSF 100
4.2.4 Prevention and Treatment of RMSF 100
4.3 American Boutonneuse Fever (ABF) 103
4.3.1 Introduction and Background 103
4.3.2 Clinical and Laboratory Description of a Case of ABF 105
4.3.3 Ecology of ABF 105
4.3.4 Prevention and Treatment of ABF 107
4.4 Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses 107
4.4.1 Boutonneuse Fever 107
4.4.2 African Tick-Bite Fever 109
4.4.3 Siberian Tick Typhus 109
4.4.4 Queensland Tick Typhus 109
4.5 Ehrlichiosis 109
4.5.1 Introduction 109
4.5.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 111
4.5.3 Ecology of Ehrlichiosis 112
4.5.4 Treatment and Control of Ehrlichiosis 113
4.6 Lyme Disease 113
4.6.1 Introduction 113
4.6.2 Background and Historical Information 115
4.6.3 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 116
4.6.4 Ecology of LD 117
4.6.5 Treatment 118
4.7 Tularemia 118
4.7.1 Introduction and Medical Significance of Tularemia 118
4.7.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 119
4.7.3 Arthropod Transmission of the Tularemia Organism 120
4.7.4 Treatment 121
4.8 Human Babesiosis 122
4.8.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 122
4.8.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 122
4.8.3 Species of Babesia and Their Ecology 123
4.8.4 Treatment and Control 124
4.9 Viruses Transmitted by Ticks 124
4.9.1 Introduction 124
4.9.2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) 125
4.9.2.1 Clinical and Epidemiologic Features 125
4.9.2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment 125
4.9.3 Colorado Tick Fever (CTF) 126
4.9.3.1 Clinical and Epidemiologic Features 126
4.9.3.2 Diagnosis and Treatment 126
4.10 Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF) 127
4.10.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 127
4.10.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 127
4.10.3 The Etiologic Agent and Its Relationship to Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever 129
4.10.4 Ecology of TBRF 129
4.10.5 Treatment and Control 130
4.11 Tick Paralysis 132
4.11.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 132
4.11.2 Clinical Features 132
4.11.3 Ticks Involved and Mechanism of Paralysis 134
4.11.4 Prevention and Treatment 136
References 138
Chapter 5 143
Flea-Borne Diseases 143
5.1 Basic Flea Biology 143
5.2 Plague 145
5.2.1 Introduction and Clinical Presentation 145
5.2.2 History 146
5.2.3 Ecology of Plague 147
5.2.4 Diagnosis and Treatment 148
5.3 Murine Typhus 148
5.3.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 148
5.3.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 150
5.3.3 Ecology of Murine Typhus 150
5.3.4 Treatment 151
5.4 Cat-Scratch Disease (CSD) 151
5.4.1 Introduction and Clinical Presentation 151
5.4.2 Reservoirs and Mode(s) of Transmission 153
5.4.3 Treatment 153
References 153
Chapter 6 155
Sand Fly-Transmitted Diseases 155
6.1 Basic Sand Fly Biology 155
6.2 Leishmaniasis 155
6.2.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 155
6.2.2 Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis 156
6.2.2.1 Old World Forms of Leishmaniasis 156
6.2.2.2 New World Forms of Leishmaniasis 158
6.2.2.3 Diagnosis 159
6.2.3 Ecology of Leishmaniasis 160
6.2.3.1 Indigenous Leishmaniasis in the United States 160
6.2.4 Treatment and Control of Leishmaniasis 161
6.3 Other Sand Fly-Transmitted Diseases 162
6.3.1 Bartonellosis (Carrion’s Disease) 162
6.3.2 Sand Fly Fever 162
References 163
Chapter 7 164
Miscellaneous Vector-Borne Diseases 164
7.1 Chagas’ Disease 164
7.1.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 164
7.1.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 165
7.1.3 Ecology of Chagas’ Disease and Its Vectors 168
7.1.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control 170
7.2 African Sleeping Sickness 171
7.2.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 171
7.2.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 172
7.2.3 Ecology of African Sleeping Sickness and Its Vectors 172
7.2.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control 174
7.3 Onchocerciasis 175
7.3.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 175
7.3.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 176
7.3.3 Ecology of Onchocerciasis and Its Vectors 176
7.3.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control 177
7.4 Scrub Typhus (ST) 177
7.4.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 177
7.4.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings 178
7.4.3 Ecology of ST and Its Vectors 179
7.4.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control 179
7.5 Louse-Borne Infections 181
7.5.1 General and Medical Importance of Body Lice 181
7.5.2 Epidemic Typhus 182
7.5.3 Trench Fever 182
7.5.4 Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever (LBRF) 185
7.5.5 Treatment, Prevention, and Control of Louse-Borne Diseases 185
References 185
Chapter 8 188
Bed Bugs: Do They Transmit Diseases? 188
8.1 Introduction and Bed Bug Biology 188
8.2 Bed Bugs and Disease Transmission 190
References 191
Chapter 9 193
Why Mosquitoes and Other Arthropods Cannot Transmit HIV 193
References 194
Section III: Other Arthropod-Caused or -Related Problems 195
Chapter 10 196
Brown Recluse Bites: Facts and Fables 196
10.1 Introduction and Biology 196
10.2 Facts and Fables About Brown Recluse Bites 196
10.3 Differential Diagnosis 198
10.4 Treatment of Bites 200
References 201
Chapter 11 203
Fire Ant Attacks on Humans 203
11.1 The Problem 203
11.2 Effects of the Venom 204
11.3 Infectious Complications 205
11.4 Protecting Patients in Health Care Facilities from Ant Attacks 206
References 206
Chapter 12 208
Medical Conditions Caused by Arthropod Stings or Bites 208
12.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 208
12.2 Pathogenesis 208
12.2.1 Mouthpart Types 208
12.2.2 Sting Apparatus 209
12.2.3 Direct Damage to Tissue 212
12.2.4 Infectious Complications 212
12.3 Clues to Recognizing Insect Bites or Stings 213
12.3.1 Diagnosis 213
12.4 Summary and Conclusions 214
References 215
Chapter 13 216
Myiasis 216
13.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 216
13.1.1 Accidental Myiasis 216
13.1.2 Facultative Myiasis 218
13.1.3 Obligate Myiasis 219
13.2 Contributing Factors 222
13.2.1 Accidental Myiasis 222
13.2.2 Facultative Myiasis 222
13.2.3 Obligate Myiasis 223
13.2.4 Myiasis in Clinical Practice 223
13.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 224
13.3 Prevention, Treatment, and Control 224
References 225
Chapter 14 227
Imaginary Insect or Mite Infestations 227
14.1 Introduction and Medical Significance 227
14.2 Clinical Aspects and Contributing Factors 228
14.3 Differential Diagnosis 229
14.4 Treatment Strategies 229
References 230
Appendix 1 232
Appendix 2 237
Index 241