Surface-Based Remote Sensing of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (eBook)

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis is a meteorologist and has been working in his profession for more than 30 years. His main topics are measuring and modelling wind profiles, turbulence, and the stratification of the atmospheric boundary layer. He utilizes ground-based remote sensing techniques (SODAR, RASS, Ceilometer) and numerical simulation models (MM5, WRF). He completed his PhD at Bonn University in 1985 and his postdoctoral thesis at Karlsruhe University in 1994. In 1991 he spent his three-month sabbatical leave at the Danish National Laboratory's Institute for Wind Energy in Risø. Since 1995 he has been working at the Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which today forms part of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Prof. Dr. Emeis currently gives lectures on meteorological measurement techniques at Cologne University. Since 1992 he has been involved in the publication of Meteorologische Zeitschrift, and since 2007 he has served as deputy editor-in-chief of this journal.

Preface 5
References 6
Contents 7
List of Abbreviations 10
1 Introduction 13
1.1 The Beginnings of Boundary Layer Research 13
1.2 Short History of Upper-Air Measurements 14
1.3 The Beginning of Ground-Based Remote Sensing 17
1.4 The Scope of This Book 19
References 20
2 Analytical Description and Vertical Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 ABL Over Flat Terrain 22
2.2.1 Neutral (Dynamical) Boundary Layer 23
2.2.1.1 Prandtl Layer 24
2.2.1.2 Ekman Layer 25
2.2.1.3 Unified Description of the Wind Profile for the Boundary Layer 26
2.2.1.4 Internal Boundary Layers 28
2.2.2 Convective Boundary Layer 29
2.2.3 Stable Boundary Layer 32
2.3 Urban Boundary Layers 33
2.4 Forest Boundary Layers 35
2.5 Marine Boundary Layers 36
2.5.1 Land--Sea Wind System 39
2.6 Mountainous Terrain 40
References 42
3 Basic Principles of Surface-Based Remote Sensing 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 RADAR 48
3.2.1 Windprofiler 52
3.2.2 Micro Rain RADAR 53
3.3 SODAR 54
3.3.1 SNODAR 58
3.4 RASS 58
3.4.1 Bragg-(Windprofiler) RASS 58
3.4.2 Doppler-(SODAR) RASS 59
3.5 LIDAR 61
3.5.1 Backscatter (Aerosol) LIDAR 63
3.5.1.1 Ceilometer 63
3.5.2 Differential Absorption LIDAR 64
3.5.3 Raman-LIDAR 65
3.5.4 Doppler Wind LIDAR 67
3.5.4.1 Range Determination by Signal Delay 67
3.5.4.2 Range Determination by Beam Focusing 69
3.5.4.3 Optical Coherence Tomography for Range Determination 70
3.5.5 Other Optical Flow Measurement Techniques 71
3.6 Radiometers 71
3.6.1 Infrared Interferometer 73
3.7 FTIR 74
3.8 DOAS 75
3.9 Scintillometry 76
3.10 Tomography 78
References 79
4 Applications 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Vertical Layering of the ABL 84
4.2.1 Mixing Layer Height 85
4.2.1.1 Acoustic Methods 86
4.2.1.2 Optical Detection of MLH 90
4.2.1.3 RASS 96
4.2.1.4 Other Algorithms Using More Than One Instrument 99
4.2.1.5 Correlation of Pollutant Concentrations with MLH 100
4.2.2 Boundary Layer Height 102
4.2.3 Clouds and Cloud Base Height 103
4.3 Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Variables 104
4.3.1 Wind and Turbulence 105
4.3.1.1 Acoustic Techniques 106
4.3.1.2 Optical Techniques 112
4.3.1.3 RADAR Windprofiler 115
4.3.2 Temperature 115
4.3.2.1 RASS 116
4.3.2.2 Raman LIDAR 117
4.3.2.3 Passive Remote Sensing with Radiometers 118
4.3.2.4 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) 120
4.3.3 Humidity, Water, and Ice 120
4.3.3.1 DIAL Measurements of Humidity 121
4.3.3.2 Raman LIDAR Measurements of Humidity 121
4.3.3.3 Radiometer Measurements 123
4.3.3.4 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) and FTIR 123
4.3.3.5 Micro Rain RADAR Measurements 124
4.3.4 Trace Substances 125
4.3.4.1 Vertical Profiling 126
4.3.4.2 Horizontally Path-Averaging 127
4.4 Vertical Flux Profiles 129
4.4.1 Momentum Flux 132
4.4.2 Heat Flux 136
4.4.3 Humidity or Water Vapour Flux 138
4.5 Regional and Local Flow Systems 139
4.5.1 Low-Level Jets 139
4.5.2 Gust Fronts and Cold Air Outflows 141
4.5.3 Land and Sea Breeze 142
4.5.4 Flow in Mountainous Terrain, Valley, and Mountain Breeze 143
4.5.5 Drainage and Katabatic Flows 146
4.6 Conclusions on the Applicability of Ground-Based Remote Sensing for ABL Research and Monitoring 148
References 149
5 Outlook 159
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 Technological Advancements 159
5.3 Application Needs 160
References 162
Appendix 164
A.1 Introduction 164
A.2 Name and Scope 164
A.3 The Series of Conferences 165
Reference 166
Glossary 167
References 175
Name Index 176
Subject Index 177