The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere (eBook)

Foreword by the Series Editor 5
Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 11
Part I Introduction 15
1 The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere 16
Mari Paz Miralles and Jorge Sánchez Almeida 16
1.1 Purpose and Contents of the Book 16
1.2 Solar Wind and Interplanetary Field Topics Addressed in Sopron 17
References 20
2 Universal Heliophysical Processes 22
Nat Gopalswamy 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Solar Interior, Dynamo, and the Solar Cycle 23
2.2.1 Solar Activity Cycles 23
2.2.2 Solar Dynamo and Grand Minima 23
2.3 Solar Eruptions and Their Interplanetary Consequences 24
2.4 CME-Driven Shocks and Related Phenomena 25
2.4.1 EUV Wave Transients 26
2.4.2 Radio-Loud and Radio-Quiet Shocks 26
2.4.3 Extended Shocks and SEPs 26
2.4.4 Geospace Consequences of Solar Eruptions 27
2.5 Solar Wind Processes 28
2.5.1 Evolution of Solar Wind Properties 29
2.5.2 Solar Wind Turbulence 29
2.5.3 Reconnection Exhaust in the Solar Wind 30
2.5.4 Influence of the Solar Wind on Energetic Particles 31
2.5.5 Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere 32
2.5.6 Solar Wind Structure and Cosmic-Ray Modulation 32
2.6 Concluding Remarks 32
References 32
Part II The Solar Interior 34
3 Solar Convection Zone Dynamics 35
Matthias Rempel 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Differential Rotation and Meridional Flow 36
3.3 Solar Dynamo 38
3.3.1 Role of Tachocline 38
3.3.2 Regeneration Process of Poloidal Field 39
3.3.3 Transport of Magnetic Flux in Convection Zone 39
3.4 Flux Emergence Process 40
3.4.1 Flux Emergence in Lower Convection Zone 40
3.4.2 Flux Emergence in Upper Convection Zone 40
3.4.3 Open Questions, Connection to Dynamo Models 41
3.5 Summary 41
References 41
4 Solar Oscillations: Current Trends 43
Sébastien Couvidat 43
4.1 Helioseismology: A Brief Overview 43
4.2 A Few Historical Results 44
4.3 Current Research Trends in Global Helioseismology 44
4.3.1 Search for Gravity Modes 44
4.3.2 Rotation of the Solar Core 45
4.3.3 Problem of Solar Abundances 45
4.3.4 Variations with the Solar Activity Cycle 46
4.3.5 Variations of the Solar Radius 46
4.4 Current Research Trends in Local Helioseismology 46
4.4.1 Structure and Dynamics of Sunspots 46
4.4.2 Remote Sensing of the Far-Side of the Sun 47
4.4.3 Supergranulation as a Travelling Wave 47
4.4.4 Improvement of Travel-Time Measurement Methods, of Sensitivity-Kernel Calculations, and of Inversion Methods 47
4.5 Some Future Instruments 47
4.6 Conclusion 48
References 48
5 Theories of the Solar Cycle : A Critical View 51
Hendrik C. Spruit 51
5.1 The Role of Convective Turbulence 51
5.1.1 Mechanism of the Solar Cycle as Inferred from Observations 51
5.1.2 Later Developments 54
5.2 Failure of Convective Dynamos Models of the Solar Cycle 54
5.2.1 Predictions 55
5.2.2 Assessment of the Turbulent Convective Dynamo View 56
5.3 Tachocline Dynamos 57
5.4 New Directions 58
5.4.1 Compromises 58
5.4.2 Weak Fields 58
5.4.3 Numerical Simulations 59
5.4.4 The Annealing Step, ``Turbulent Diffusion'' 59
5.4.5 Thermodynamics 60
5.5 Conclusions 60
References 60
6 The New Solar Composition and the Solar Metallicity 62
Nicolas Grevesse, Martin Asplund, A. Jacques Sauval, and Pat Scott 62
6.1 Historical Introduction 62
6.2 Interest of Solar Abundances 63
6.3 Sources of Solar Chemical Composition Data 63
6.4 Recent Analyzes 64
6.5 The New Analysis 64
6.6 Results and Discussion 65
6.6.1 The Solar Abundance of Helium 67
6.6.2 The Abundances of Oxygen and Nitrogen 67
6.6.3 The Abundance of Neon 68
6.7 Implications of the New Solar Chemical Composition 68
6.7.1 The New Solar Metallicity 68
6.7.2 The New Solar Bulk Composition 68
6.7.3 Comparison with Meteorites 69
6.7.4 The Sun, ``Back to Normal''? 69
6.7.5 The Solar Standard Model Problem 70
6.7.6 Miscellaneous 70
6.8 Conclusions 70
References 71
Part III The Solar Atmosphere 72
7 Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Atmosphere Observed by Hinode 73
Shinsuke Imada, Hiroaki Isobe, and Toshifumi Shimizu 73
7.1 Introduction 73
7.2 Typical Plasma Parameters in the Solar Atmosphere 74
7.3 Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Corona 76
7.4 Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Chromosphere 79
7.5 Summary 80
References 80
8 Constraining the Initiation and Early Evolution of CMEs with SECCHI on STEREO 83
Spiros Patsourakos 83
8.1 Introduction 83
8.2 Bubble Morphology of Impulsively Accelerated CMEs 84
8.3 CME-Flare Relationship 85
8.4 EUV Dimmings 85
8.5 EUV Waves 86
8.6 Eruptive Prominences 89
8.7 Conclusions and Outlook 89
References 90
9 Funnels and the Origin of the Solar Wind 92
Ruth Esser and Øystein Lie-Svendsen 92
9.1 Introduction: History of Funnel Geometry 92
9.2 Early History of the Solar Wind Theory 95
9.3 Coronal and Interplanetary Solar Wind Observations 97
9.4 Energy Budget of the Corona and Solar Wind 100
9.4.1 The Solar Wind Energy Flux 100
9.4.2 Downward Heat Conduction 102
9.4.3 The Coronal Energy Balance 103
9.5 Applying Funnel Geometry to Radiative Energy Balance Models 103
9.6 Summary 106
References 108
10 MHD Simulations of the Global Solar Corona and the Solar Wind 109
Roberto Lionello, Jon A. Linker, Zoran Mikic, Pete Riley,and Viacheslav S. Titov 109
10.1 Introduction 109
10.2 Interaction of Small Bipoles with Coronal Holes 110
10.3 Thermodynamic MHD Modeling of the May 12, 1997 CME 112
10.4 Prediction of July 22, 2009 Eclipse 112
10.5 Conclusions 113
References 113
Part IV The Heliosphere 115
11 Solar Wind Observations from the STEREO Perspective (2007--2009) 116
Antoinette B. Galvin 116
11.1 Introduction: The STEREO Mission and Its Place in Space 116
11.2 Solar and Solar Wind Conditions Near Solar Minimum: The View from STEREO 119
11.2.1 Solar Wind Flow Types in Solar Minima Conditions 120
11.2.2 Solar Wind Interfaces and Evolution 123
11.2.3 Space Weather Implications 125
References 125
12 Shocks in the Heliosphere 127
Toshio Terasawa 127
12.1 Introduction 127
12.2 Selected Topics 130
12.2.1 Nonlinear Reaction of Shock Acceleration 130
12.2.2 The Maximum Energy of Shock-Accelerated Particles 131
12.2.3 Shock Acceleration of Electrons? 132
12.3 Concluding Remarks 132
References 135
13 Observations of the Termination Shock and Heliosheath 137
John D. Richardson 137
13.1 Introduction 137
13.2 The Termination Shock Foreshock 139
13.3 The Termination Shock 140
13.4 Energetic Particles 142
13.5 The Heliosheath 143
13.6 The Future 147
13.7 Summary 147
References 149
Part V Heliophysical Processes 151
14 Three Dimensional Magnetic Reconnection at Null Points and Separators 152
Clare E. Parnell, Andrew L. Haynes, and Rhona C. Maclean 152
14.1 Introduction 152
14.2 Magnetic Fields and Null Points in the Solar Atmosphere 154
14.3 Separators 157
14.4 Separators and Separator Reconnection 158
14.5 Implications and Concluding Remarks 159
References 159
15 Current Sheets in the Solar Atmosphere 162
Giannina Poletto 162
15.1 Introduction 162
15.2 Current Sheets: Why and Where? 163
15.2.1 Small-Scale Current Sheets 163
15.2.2 Large-Scale Current Sheets 163
15.3 Physical Parameters of Current Sheets 164
15.3.1 Current Sheets: Temperature and Densities 165
15.3.2 Current Sheets: Inflows and Outflows 167
15.4 The Size and Internal Structure of Current Sheets 167
15.5 Conclusions and Open Questions 168
References 170
16 Solar Energetic Particles 172
Eino Valtonen 172
16.1 Introduction 172
16.2 From the Solar Flare Paradigm to the Two-Class Paradigm 172
16.3 Solar Energetic Particles and Coronal Mass Ejections 174
16.4 Ionic Charge States, Composition, and Energy Spectra 176
16.5 Significance of Seed Populations 177
16.6 Hybrid Events 178
16.7 Future Prospects 179
16.8 Conclusions 180
References 180
17 From Micro- to Macro-scales in the Heliosphere and Magnetosphere 182
Dastgeer Shaikh, Igor S. Veselovsky, Quanming M. Lu,and Gary P. Zank 182
17.1 Turbulent Spectra in the Solar Wind and Interstellar Medium 182
17.1.1 Turbulence Spectra in the Interstellar Medium 183
17.1.2 Solar Wind Turbulence Spectra 184
17.1.3 Extended Composite Spectra of the Solar Wind Plasma 185
17.1.4 A Nearly Incompressible Description of the SW and ISM Spectra- the 5/3 MHD Regime 186
17.1.5 Hall MHD Model of SW Turbulence-Extended Spectra 189
17.2 Perpendicular Shocks 192
17.3 Global Magnetospheric Modeling and Observations 193
17.4 Distribution Functions of Protons and Interstellar Hydrogen in the Inner and Outer Heliosheath 195
17.5 Conclusions 199
References 200
18 Selected Solar Influences on the Magnetosphere: Information from Cosmic Rays 203
Karel Kudela and Leonid L. Lazutin 203
18.1 Introduction -- Cosmic Rays and Space Weather 203
18.1.1 Short Time Forecast of Radiation Storms 203
18.1.2 The CR Precursors of Geoeffective Events 204
18.2 Using Magnetospheric Filter for the Energy Spectra of Accelerated Particles 205
18.2.1 Charged Particles, Low Orbits 205
18.2.2 Neutral High Energy Emissions 206
18.3 Transmissivity Function and Albedo Cosmic Rays 207
18.4 Transmissivity of the CR During Geomagnetic Disturbances 208
18.5 Summary 209
References 210
19 Radio Emission Processes as Tracers of Heliospheric Weather: An Ontological Approach 212
Mauro Messerotti 212
19.1 Introduction 212
19.2 Domain Ontologies and Concept Mapping 213
19.3 A Domain Ontology for the Heliosphere and for Heliophysics 213
19.4 Radio Emission Processes in Astrophysical Plasmas 214
19.4.1 Shock- and Beam-Driven Radio Emission 215
19.5 Heliospheric Radio Emission Sources and Features 217
19.5.1 Heliospheric Shock Radio Emission Sources 219
19.6 Radio Diagnostics of Heliospheric Weather 219
19.6.1 2.5D Radio Diagnostics 219
19.6.2 3D Radio Diagnostics 220
19.6.3 Heliospheric Data Mining 220
19.7 Conclusions 221
References 221
Part VI Radio Emissions 223
20 Solar and Interplanetary Radio Emissions 224
Bo Li, Dalmiro J. F. Maia, and Milan Maksimovic 224
20.1 Introduction 224
20.2 Emission Mechanisms 225
20.3 Propagation Effects 225
20.4 Type II Solar Radio Emissions 226
20.4.1 Coronal Type II Bursts 226
20.4.2 Interplanetary Type II Bursts 227
20.5 Type III Solar Radio Emissions 227
20.5.1 Coronal Type III Bursts 229
20.5.2 Interplanetary Type III Bursts 230
20.6 Radiation from Earth's Foreshock 232
20.7 Summary 233
References 233
21 Radiation in the Solar System Through Converted Electrostatic Waves 235
Paul J. Kellogg and David M. Malaspina 235
21.1 Introduction 235
21.2 History 235
21.3 Recent Advances 239
21.4 Conclusion 244
References 245
22 Contributions of Radioheliograph Observations to the Understanding of Solar Flares, Coronal Mass Ejections, Electron Beams in the Corona and in the Interplanetary Medium 246
Nicole Vilmer 246
22.1 Introduction 246
22.2 Some Historical Results on Still Open Questions 246
22.2.1 Radio Emissions in the Gradual Phase and First Association with Solar Cosmic Rays 247
22.2.2 Respective Role of the Shock or of a Time Extended Coronal Acceleration in the Production of High Energy Electrons and Protons (SEPs)? 247
22.3 Electron Acceleration Sites in Solar Flares as Deduced from Combined Radio and X-Ray Observations 248
22.4 Electron Acceleration Sites in Connection with Coronal Mass Ejections, Flares and Shocks 253
22.5 Role of the Shock or of Time Extended Coronal Electron Acceleration in the Production of Energetic Particles in the IP Medium? 255
22.5.1 Role of the Shock Wave in the Production of SEP Events 257
22.5.2 Impulsive Electron Events 260
22.5.3 Observations of Energetic Electrons in Radio CMEs and Injection in the Interplanetary Space During a Large SEP Event 262
22.6 Conclusions 263
References 264
23 Coherent Radio Emissions Associated with Solar System Shocks 266
Iver H. Cairns 266
23.1 Introduction 266
23.2 Relevant Shock Physics 270
23.3 Definite Shock-Driven Radio Emissions 273
23.3.1 Interplanetary Type II Bursts 273
23.3.2 fp and 2fp Radiation from Earth's Foreshock 276
23.3.3 Radio Emission from Corotating Interaction Regions 280
23.4 Possible Shock-Driven Radio Emissions 282
23.4.1 Coronal Shocks: Type II Bursts 282
23.4.2 Drifting Pulsating Structures 288
23.4.3 Outer Heliospheric Radio Emissions 289
23.5 Theory 292
23.5.1 Electron Motion, Reflection and Acceleration 293
23.5.2 Formation of Electron Beams 294
23.5.3 Growth of Langmuir Waves 297
23.5.4 Radiation Processes 299
23.6 Type II Radio Bursts 302
23.6.1 Flux Predictions for a Single Ripple or Unrippled Macroscopic Shock 302
23.6.2 Dynamic Spectra and Macroscopic Predictions 304
23.6.3 Outstanding Issues and Future Work 311
23.7 Outer Heliospheric Emissions 317
23.7.1 The Priming Mechanism 318
23.7.2 Predicted Radio Fluxes and Dynamic Spectra 320
23.7.3 Orientation and Strength of the VLISM Magnetic Field 324
23.7.4 Issues and Future Research Directions 325
23.8 Discussion 327
23.8.1 Improvements to the Foreshock Theory 327
23.8.2 Other Applications 329
23.9 Concluding Remarks 330
References 332
Part VII Coordinated Science in the Sun-Earth System 338
24 Advances in Coordinated Sun-Earth System Science Through Interdisciplinary Initiatives and International Programs 339
Horst Fichtner and W. William Liu 339
24.1 An Integrating View 339
24.2 CAWSES and ILWS 340
24.2.1 CAWSES 340
24.2.2 ILWS 341
24.3 Further Developments and Trends 341
24.3.1 Future Programs 341
24.3.2 Growing Interdisciplinarity 342
24.4 Summary 342
References 343
25 Solar Orbiter: Linking the Sun and Inner Heliosphere 344
Richard G. Marsden and Daniel Müller 344
25.1 Introduction 344
25.2 Scientific Goals 345
25.3 Mission Design 346
25.4 Scientific Payload 346
25.5 Spacecraft 347
25.6 Mission Operations 348
25.7 Science Management and Data Archiving 350
25.8 International Cooperation 350
25.9 Status Update April 2010 350
25.10 Conclusion 350
References 351
26 Scientific Objectives of the Canadian CASSIOPE Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) Small Satellite Mission 352
Andrew W. Yau and H. Gordon James 352
26.1 Introduction 352
26.2 Instrument Complement 353
26.3 Planned Investigations 355
26.4 Conclusion and Discussions 359
References 361
27 The Sun-Climate Connection Through Measurements and Modeling: The Picard Investigation 362
Gérard Thuillier, Steven Dewitte, Werner Schmutz, and the PICARD team 362
27.1 Introduction 362
27.1.1 Global Solar Data 362
27.1.2 Global Available Measurements 363
27.1.3 PICARD Scientific Objectives 363
27.1.4 PICARD Measurements 364
27.2 Modeling 365
27.2.1 Convective Zone Modeling 365
27.2.2 Climate Modeling 365
27.3 Instruments and Measurements 366
27.3.1 Instruments on Board PICARD Spacecraft 366
27.3.2 Associated Measurements and Missions 367
27.4 Mission Preparation 368
27.5 Conclusion 369
References 369
28 The International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) 371
Joseph M. Davila, Nat Gopalswamy, Barbara J. Thompson, Tom Bogdan, and Mike Hapgood 371
28.1 Introduction 371
28.2 Goals and Objectives 372
28.2.1 Instrument Array Development 373
28.2.2 Data Analysis 374
28.2.3 Training, Eduction, and Outreach 375
28.3 Collaboration with Other Programs 375
28.4 Summary and Conclusions 375
Reference 375
Index 376