Groundwater Recharge from Run-off, Infiltration and Percolation (eBook)

PREFACE 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS 7
ABBREVIATIONS AND DIMENSIONS 9
DEFINITIONS 12
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 15
CHAPTER 2 THE WATER CYCLE 19
2.1. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ON EARTH 19
2.2. THE CONTINENTAL WATER CYCLE 22
2.2.1 The Components of the Water Cycle 24
2.2.2 Characteristics of Different Climate Zones 28
2.3. THE VADOSE ZONE AND ITS WATER BALANCE FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATE ZONES 30
2.4. RECHARGEABLE AND FOSSIL GROUNDWATER AND WATER EXPLOITATION 35
2.5. THE PLACE OF RECHARGE IN THE WATER CYCLE 41
CHAPTER 3 MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES OF RECHARGE 44
3.1. THE INPUT: PRECIPITATION AND SNOWMELT 45
3.2. WET AND DRY DEPOSITION AT THE INTERFACE ATMOSPHERE/LITHOSPHERE/BIOSPHERE 50
3.3. OVERLAND-FLOW AND INFILTRATION 56
3.4. MATRIX-FLOW AND PREFERENTIAL-FLOW 63
3.5. INTER-FLOW 69
3.6. RIVER-INFILTRATION 72
3.7. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE 77
3.8. WATER VAPOR-FLUXES IN THE SUBSURFACE 79
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH TOOLS AND METHODS IN THE STUDY OF RECHARGE 82
4.1. WATER BALANCE ESTIMATES 83
4.1.1 Estimate of Evapo-Transpiration 85
4.1.2 Hydrograph Analysis 91
4.1.3 Groundwater Level Fluctuations 97
4.2. LYSIMETER STUDIES 98
4.3. HYDRAULIC METHODS IN THE VADOSE ZONE 103
4.4. ISOTOPE AND CHEMICAL TRACERS 111
4.4.1 Stable and Radioactive Environmental Isotopes 117
4.4.1.1 Preparation techniques 124
4.4.1.2 Measuring techniques 126
4.4.2 Environmental Tracers for Recharge Determination 127
4.4.2.1 Environmental chloride 127
4.4.2.2 Environmental tritium 132
4.4.2.3 Environmental 2H and 18O 139
4.4.3 Artificial Tracers 155
4.4.4 Application of Tracers 161
4.5. WATER SAMPLING AND SAMPLE CONSERVATION 163
4.6. COMPARISON BETWEEN TRACERS AND CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES 166
CHAPTER 5 RECHARGE UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATE REGIMES 172
5.1. HUMID CLIMATES 175
5.1.1 Conceptual Models 179
5.1.2 Water Balance and Separation of Discharge Components 183
5.2. SEMI-ARID CLIMATE 186
5.3. ARID CLIMATES 188
5.4. COLD CLIMATES 197
CHAPTER 6 MAN’S IMPACT ON THE GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 200
6.1. LAND USE CHANGE: AGRICULTURE 202
6.2. LAND USE CHANGES: URBAN AREAS 208
6.3. GLOBAL CHANGES AND THE WATER CYCLE 210
BIBLIOGRAPHY 214
SUBJECT INDEX 249