Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms (eBook)

Dr. ERIC LICHTFOUSE, born April 2, 1960, completed his Ph.D. in organic geochemistry in 1989 at Strasbourg University. After post-doctoral fellowships at Indiana University, USA and the KFA research center in Jülich, Germany, he became engaged as a soil scientist at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) in 1992. His study on soil organic matter and pollutants led in particular to the first determination of the dynamics of soil organic molecules in long-term maize field experiments using 13C labeling at natural abundance. In 2000 he founded the European Association of Environmental Chemistry (ACE) and in 2003 the Journal Environmental Chemistry Letters. He has co-edited the book Environmental Chemistry (Springer, 2005). He is currently working in Dijon for the INRA Department of Environment and Agronomy as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development. He is growing fruit trees and vegetables in his home backyard and travelling from home to work by bicycle. Eric Lichtfouse is also finisher of 10 ironman competitions, including the World Ironman Championships in Hawaii in 2006.

Contents 4
Contributors 6
Climate Change, Society Issues and Sustainable Agriculture 10
1 A 100 Year-Old Prediction 10
2 Climate Change in Europe 11
2.1 Impact on Climate and Water 12
2.2 Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems 13
2.3 Impact on Agriculture 13
2.4 Impact on Economy 13
3 A Novel Approach to Solve Society Issues 13
4 Sustainable Agriculture for Solving Society Issues 14
References 15
Tragedy of the Global Commons: Soil, Water and Air 17
The Rediscovery of Intercropping in China: A Traditional Cropping System for Future Chinese Agriculture A Review 20
1 Introduction 20
2 General Questions About Competition and Facilitation 26
3 A Traditional Cropping System as a Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture in China 28
4 The Nature and Extent of Chinese Intercropping 31
5 Intercropping Types and Regions 33
5.1 Type I: Single Cropping with Great Intercropping Potential 34
5.1.1 Intercropping Maize with Peanut 39
5.2 Type II: Single Cropping for Cold Climate and Semi-Arid Crops to Double Cropping for Irrigation Farming 40
5.2.1 Intercropping Wheat or Maize with Legumes 41
5.3 Type III: Double Cropping with Potential for Relay Intercropping 44
5.3.1 Intercropping Wheat with Maize 45
5.4 Type IV: Three Cropping Seasons per Year with Rotations Replacing Intercropping 46
6 Conclusion 46
References 48
Effect of Genetically Modified Bacteria on Ecosystems and Their Potential Benefits for Bioremediation and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases A Review 52
1 Introduction 53
2 Genetically Modified Bacteria for Agricultural Purposes 53
2.1 Survival of Genetically Modified Bacteria in Soil 54
2.2 Ecosystem Effects of Genetically Modified Microorganisms 58
2.3 Fate and Effect of Biofertilizer Strains 59
2.4 Fate and Ecosystem Effects of Modified Biocontrol Bacteria 61
3 Genetically Modified Microorganisms as Biosensors and for Bioremediation 64
3.1 Genetically Modified Biosensors 65
3.2 Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Bioremediation 65
4 Conclusion 67
References 68
Climate Change and Plant Water Balance: The Role of Aquaporins A Review 77
1 Introduction 77
1.1 A Global Change Scenario 77
1.2 Plant Water Relations 78
2 Plant Water Relations at Elevated CO 2 81
2.1 Effect of CO 2 on Root Proliferation 81
2.2 Water-Use Efficiency at High CO 2 Concentration 82
2.3 Reduction in Stomatal Conductance Under Elevated CO 2 82
3 Plant Water Relations and Increase in Temperature 83
3.1 Leaf and Root Responses to Increasing Temperature 84
3.2 The Role of Aquaporins in Plant Water Status Under High Temperature 85
4 Plant Water Relations and Solar Radiation 86
4.1 Light Intensity and UV Radiation Effects on Plant Water Status 87
4.2 Leaf and Root Responses to Light Availability: Involvement of Aquaporins 88
5 Conclusion 88
References 89
Responses of Cereal Plants to Environmental and Climate Changes A Review 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Responses of Cereals to Elevated CO 2 Concentration in Air 98
3 Responses of Cereals to Drought and Salinisation 101
3.1 Limitation by Water Supply 101
3.2 Limitation by Salinisation 104
3.3 Osmotic Adjustment 105
3.4 Effect of Phytohormones 106
4 Ensuring Yield of Cereals under Environmental Stress Factors 110
5 Conclusion 116
References 117
Induction of Plant Tolerance to Semi-arid Environments by Beneficial Soil Microorganisms A Review 125
1 Introduction 126
2 Rhizobial Symbiosis 127
2.1 Background 128
2.2 Rhizobia-Induced Plant Drought Tolerance 128
2.3 Perspectives 130
3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) 130
3.1 Background 130
3.2 PGPR-Induced Plant Drought Tolerance 130
4 Mycorrhizal Fungi 131
4.1 Background 132
4.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis-Induced Plant Drought Tolerance 132
4.3 Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Beneficial Soil Microorganisms 134
5 Conclusion 135
References 136
Essential Oil Crops for Sustainable Agriculture A Review 140
1 Introduction 141
1.1 Producing Essential Oils 142
2 Essential Oil Crops and Development Strategies for Marginal Mediterranean Lands 144
3 Essential Oil Production in Plants 153
4 Cultivation of Essential Oil Crops: Goals and Constraints 155
5 Factors Affecting Essential Oils Yield and Composition 156
5.1 Endogenous Factors: The ''Inner'' Sources of Variability 157
5.2 Exogenous Factors: Variability Due to the Environment 159
6 Breeding Activity 161
6.1 Breeding for Biomass Yield 162
6.2 Breeding for Qualitative Traits 164
7 Cropping Technique and Quality Traits 164
7.1 Propagation and Planting Management 165
7.2 Weed Management 167
7.3 Soil Nutrients and Fertilization 169
7.4 Irrigation 170
7.5 Mechanization and Harvest 172
7.6 Diseases and Pest Control 174
7.7 Postharvest Treatments 176
8 Conclusion 178
References 180
Sugarcane and Precision Agriculture: Quantifying Variability Is Only Half the Story A Review 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Principles and Concepts of Precision Agriculture 192
2.1 Sustainability and Precision Agriculture 194
3 Sugarcane Production 195
4 Technology and Precision Agriculture 197
4.1 The Global Positioning System 197
4.2 Geographic Information Systems 199
4.3 Proximal Sensing 200
4.4 Remote Sensing 202
4.5 Variable Rate Technology 204
5 Knowledge Extraction 205
5.1 Statistical Analysis 205
5.2 Data Mining 206
5.3 Crop Models 207
5.4 Decision Support Systems 208
6 Adoption 209
6.1 Adoption of Innovations 211
6.2 Adoption Pathways 212
7 Conclusion 213
References 215
Fungal Disease Management in Environmentally Friendly Apple Production A Review 221
1 Introduction 223
2 Non-chemical Control Approaches Against Fungal Diseases of Apple 225
2.1 Orchard Management Practices 225
2.1.1 Cropping System and Cover Crop 228
2.1.2 Plant Material and Planting 229
2.1.3 Pruning and Canopy Management 229
2.1.4 Orchard Floor Management 230
2.1.5 Nutrient Supply and Harvest 230
2.2 Mechanical and Physical Control 231
2.2.1 Pruning 231
2.2.2 Removal of Inoculum Sources 235
2.2.3 Shredding of Leaf Litter 236
2.2.4 Burying of Inoculum Sources 236
2.2.5 Flaming of Leaf Litter 237
2.3 Biological Control 237
2.3.1 Antagonists 238
2.3.2 Extracts/Oils of Plants and Composts 241
2.4 Host Resistance 244
3 Features of Chemical Control for Individual Diseases in Integrated and Organic Apple Production 251
3.1 General Features and Chemical Control of Apple Scab 251
3.1.1 Integrated Apple Orchards 251
3.1.2 Organic Apple Orchards 255
3.2 Apple Powdery Mildew 263
3.2.1 Integrated Apple Orchards 263
3.2.2 Organic Apple Orchards 265
3.3 European Canker 265
3.4 Monilinia Fruit Rot 267
3.5 Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch 267
3.5.1 Integrated Apple Orchards 268
3.5.2 Organic Apple Orchards 269
4 Integration of Multiple Management Tactics Across All Important Fungal Diseases in Integrated and Organic Apple Production 270
4.1 Integrated Apple Orchards 270
4.2 Organic Apple Orchards 273
5 Future Trends 275
6 Conclusion 276
References 278
Mitigation of Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in Artificial Wetland Ecosystems A Review 295
1 Introduction 296
2 State of the Art: Artificial Wetlands as Nonpoint-Source Pollution Mitigation Systems 298
2.1 Defining a Artificial Wetland in Historical and Scientific Context 298
2.2 Nonpoint-Source Pollution Profile of Pesticides and Pesticide Pathway 300
2.3 Typology and Implementation 302
2.4 Artificial Wetland Effectiveness 302
2.4.1 Vegetated Ditches 303
2.4.2 Forested Plots 305
2.4.3 Detention Ponds and Storm Basins 305
2.4.4 Biomassbed 306
2.4.5 Constructed Wetlands 307
2.5 Main Treatment Objective and Research Needs 308
3 Theoretical Framework: Pesticide Removal Mechanism in Artificial Wetlands 309
3.1 Physical and Chemical Pesticide Removal Processes 309
3.2 Biological Removal Processes 311
3.2.1 Indirect and Direct Effects of Macrophytes 311
3.2.2 Microorganisms as Pillars of Biological Treatments 313
3.2.3 Opening the Black Box to Optimize the Treatments 313
3.3 Water Management 315
3.4 Sediment Management 316
4 The EU LIFE Project ArtWET 317
4.1 An Interdisciplinary Approach in the ArtWET Project 317
4.2 Experimental and Demonstration Sites in the ArtWET Project 319
4.2.1 General Presentation of the Demonstration Sites 319
4.2.2 Selection of Common Studied Pesticides 319
4.2.3 Experimental Vegetated Ditches Under Natural Conditions 320
4.2.4 Experimental Vegetated Ditches Under Laboratory Conditions 321
4.2.5 Wetland Mesocosm, Pilot Plant Device 321
4.2.6 Biomassbed 321
4.3 Relevant Methodologies in ArtWET LIFE Project 322
4.3.1 Relevant Biological Endpoints 322
4.3.2 Accuracy and Efficiency of Pesticide Sampling 323
4.3.3 Development and Implementation of an Innovative Process to Herbicide and Copper Mitigation 324
4.3.4 Constructed Wetland Modelling 325
5 Conclusion 329
References 331
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Food Security and Environmental Quality: Case Studies from India -- A Review 341
1 Introduction 342
2 Project Implementation 343
3 Alfisols in Semi-Arid Regions of South India 343
3.1 Water Management 346
3.2 Climate and Crop Calendar 346
3.3 Intercropping with Pigeon Pea 347
3.4 Double Cropping 348
3.5 Summer Ploughing 349
3.6 Composting 349
3.7 Ridge-Furrow System and Tied Ridging 349
3.8 Productivity 350
3.9 Low-Cost Gravitational Drip Irrigation System 353
3.10 Arid Horticulture 353
3.11 Soil Health Card 354
3.12 Social Mobilization and Income-Generating Activities 354
4 Semi-Arid Black Soils (Vertisols) of Central India 354
4.1 Ecoregional Characteristics of the Sites 355
4.2 Land Forming For Soil and Water Conservation 356
4.3 Integrated Plant Nutrient Management Practices (INMP) 356
4.4 Hoshangabad Site 357
4.5 Intercropping of Soybean 357
4.6 Water Management in Rice 357
4.7 Aqua-Agriculture 357
4.8 Optimizing Nutrient and Water Management in Soybean--Wheat System 358
4.9 The ''Seed Village'' Model 359
5 Alluvial Soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains 359
5.1 Ecoregional Characteristics of the Demonstration Sites 360
5.2 Alternatives to Rice-Wheat Cropping System 361
5.3 Residue Management in Rice--Wheat Cropping System 362
5.4 Residue Management and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 365
5.5 More Income Per Drop of Water 365
5.6 Agricultural Diversification 366
5.6.1 Agroforestry 366
5.6.2 Aquaculture 368
5.6.3 Sustainable Management of Vertisols 369
6 Conclusions 372
References 373
Decision Support Systems: Concepts, Progress and Issues A Review 375
1 Introduction 376
2 What Are Decision Support Systems? 378
2.1 Classification of Decision Support Systems 380
2.2 Components of Decision Support Systems 382
3 Overview of Decision Support Systems 384
4 Decision Support Systems in an Agricultural Perspective 385
4.1 Nutrient Management 385
4.2 Insect and Pest Management 386
4.3 Agricultural Land Use and Planning 387
4.4 Global Environment Change and Forecasting 388
4.5 Water and Drought Management 389
4.6 Other Applications 389
5 Issues and Concerns 390
6 Future Trends 393
7 Conclusion 394
References 395
Olive and Grapevine Biodiversity in Greece and Cyprus A Review 402
1 Introduction 403
2 Domestication and Distribution 405
2.1 Olive 406
2.2 Grapevine 407
3 Genetic Diversity in Greece and Cyprus 409
3.1 Organization of Olive Diversity 409
3.2 Grapevine Diversity 416
4 Conclusion 423
References 424
Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages A Review 430
1 Introduction 431
2 Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Formation and Mechanisms 433
2.1 Naturally Occurring Ethyl Carbamate 433
2.2 Ethyl Carbamate from Additives 435
2.3 Ethyl Carbamate Formation During Food Processing 436
2.4 Production of Ethyl Carbamate in Aqueous and Aqueous-Alcoholic Solutions 436
2.5 Production of Ethyl Carbamate in Gas Phase 438
2.6 Post-distillation and Photochemical Ethyl Carbamate Production 439
3 Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages 440
4 Preventing Actions and Related Environmental Issues 444
4.1 Chemical Elimination of Cyanide Before the Distillation 446
4.2 Changes in the Distillation Process 446
4.3 Post-distillation Treatment 447
4.4 Related Environmental Problems 447
References 448
Evaluation of Soil Fertility Using Infrared Spectroscopy A Review 454
1 Introduction 455
1.1 Definition of Soil Fertility 455
1.2 Soil Fertility and Sustainable Agriculture 457
1.3 Conventional Evaluation of Soil Fertility 457
1.4 The Application Potential of Infrared Spectroscopy in Soil Science 458
2 Techniques of Infrared Spectroscopy 459
2.1 Absorption of Infrared Spectroscopy 459
2.2 Methods of Infrared Spectroscopy 459
2.2.1 Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy 459
2.2.2 Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 461
2.2.3 Infrared ATR Spectroscopy 462
2.2.4 Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 462
3 Evaluation of Soil Fertility Using Infrared Spectroscopy 463
3.1 Infrared Spectra Based Soil Qualitative Analysis 463
3.1.1 Characterization of Soil Components 463
3.1.2 Soil Identification 465
3.2 Infrared Spectra Based Soil Quantitative Analysis 467
3.2.1 Soil Nutrients 467
3.2.2 Soil Clays 469
3.2.3 Soil Water 470
3.2.4 Soil Microbes 472
3.3 Mathematical Tools in the Treatment of Spectral Data 472
3.3.1 Data Preprocessing 472
3.3.2 Model Construction 473
3.3.3 Model Verification 476
4 Research Hightlights in Future 477
4.1 Construction of Soil Infrared Spectra Library 477
4.2 Description of Soil Fertility Using Extracted Information from Soil Photoacoustic Spectra 478
5 Conclusion 478
References 479
Index 485