Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology (eBook)

Preface 6
Table of Contents 8
List of Contributors 11
Part I Heat Shock Proteins and Disease 16
1 HSP and Diabetes 17
Introduction 18
Hsp Mechanism Of Induction 18
Hsp Expression In Insulin Resistance And Diabetes 11
Early Signs Of An Involvement Of Hsp72 In The Etiology Of Type 2 Diabetes 20
Obesity, Inflammation And Insulin Resistance 20
Mechanisms Of Insulin Signalling 21
Inflammatory Kinases And The Disruption Of Insulin Signalling 22
Hsp And Inflammation 23
Hsp72 And The Prevention Of Insulin Resistance 24
Heat Therapy, JNK Phosphorylation and Insulin Sensitivity 24
Genetic Over-Expression of Hsp72 and HFD-Induced Insulin Resistance 24
Pharmacological Induction of Hsp72, JNK Phosphorylation and Insulin Resistance 25
HSP72, Mitochondria and Insulin Resistance 25
Hsp, Jnk, Cell Apoptosis 26
Heat Shock Proteins And The Stress Of Diabetes 27
Hsp And Autoimmunity Of Type I Diabetes 27
CONCLUSION 28
REFERENCES 28
2 Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes 33
Introduction 33
Body Mass Index (BMI) 35
Bmi And Obesity 36
Bmi And Hsp 36
Obesity And Inflammation 37
Obesity And Cancer 38
Hsp And Type 2 Diabetes 38
CONCLUSION 39
Acknowledgements 40
REFERENCES 40
3 Multifaceted Role of Heat Stress Proteins in the Kidney 44
INTRODUCTION 45
Renal Epithelial Cell Injury, Death And Organ Dysfunction 46
Hsp And Renal Cell Necrosis 47
Oxidative Stress/Reactive Oxygen Species 49
Hsp And Sublethal Renal Injury 50
Renal Inflammation And Hsp 51
Role Of Hsp In Renal Transplantation 53
Hsp As Anti-Apoptotic Proteins 54
Apoptosis Versus Necrosis In Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 55
Hsp And Osmolar Stress 57
CONCLUSION 59
REFERENCES 59
4 Heat Shock Protein and Inflammation 69
INTRODUCTION 69
Hsp Are Anti-Inflammatory 70
HSP Induction: How do HSP Directly Alter Cytokines? 71
Are HSP Involved in Muscle IL-6 Production? 73
HSF-1 as Non-HSP Transcription Factor Influences Inflammation 73
Glutamine (GLN) as HSF-1 Inducer 74
Hsp Alter Cytokine Tolerance 77
Hsp70 And Gut Permeability 78
Hsp Are Pro-Inflammatory 79
The Mechanism Of Hsp Release 80
How Does Hsp70 Induce Inflammation? 81
Cytokine Response Through TLR Activation 82
Enhanced Antigen Uptake and Presentation of HSP-Peptide Complexes 82
NK Cell Activation 82
Understanding The Paradox Of The Pro- And Anti-Inflammatory Actions Of Hsp: The Hsp-Virus Connection 82
Disease And Pathologic States 83
Sepsis 83
Heat Stroke-Associated Inflammation 84
Aging Susceptibility to Heat Injury/SIRS 85
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) 86
The Immuno-Physiology Of Adaptation 86
Heat Acclimation and Adaptation 87
CONCLUSION 88
REFERENCES 89
5 HSP Reactive T Cells are Anti-Inflammatory and Disease Suppressive in Arthritic Diseases 96
INTRODUCTION 97
Experimental Models For Ra 97
The Essential Contribution Of Animal Models In Antigen Specific Immunotherapies 99
Self Hsp Cross-Reactive T Cells Have Anti-Inflammatory Regulatory Activity 100
Why Are Self-Hsp Responsive T Cells Protective In Arthritis? 101
Treg And Targeting Regulation To Self Antigen In Autoimmune Disease 102
The Immunomodulatory Effects Of Hsp On Apc 104
Bridging The Translational Gap Between Model And Disease In Antigen Specific Immune Interventions 106
Good Chances For Hsp Directed Immune Modulation As A Novel Addition To Clinical Arthritis Suppressive Therapies 107
REFERENCES 108
6 Heat Shock Proteins in Vascular Disease 113
INTRODUCTION 113
Hsp and Atherosclerosis 115
Carotid Disease 117
Coronary Disease 119
Aortic Disease 122
Peripheral Vascular Disease 123
Conclusion 124
References 125
7 Heat Shock Proteins and Cancer 130
Introduction 130
Breast Cancer 131
Liver Cancer 134
Colon Cancer 136
Lung Cancer 136
Prostate Cancer 138
Conclusion 139
Acknowledgements 140
REFERENCES 141
8 Heat Shock Protein (HSP)-Based Immunotherapies 144
Introduction 145
Hsp-Peptide Complexes (Hsppc) As Immunotherapy For Cancer 146
Hsp-Based Dna Vaccines 149
Hsp As Targets For Cancer Treatments 150
Hsp As Immunotherapy For Autoimmune Diseases 152
Conclusion 154
Acknowledgements 154
References 154
9 Heat Shock Proteins and Fertility 159
Introduction 160
Spermatogenesis 160
Fertilization 162
Oogenesis 162
Female Reproductive Tract Infection And Fertility 163
Preimplantation Embryo Development 163
Chlamydia Trachomatis Genital Tract Infection 164
Amniotic Fluid 165
Conclusion 167
References 167
10 Heat Shock Proteins and Diarrhea Causing Microorganisms: Emergence of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli 171
INTRODUCTION 172
CAUSES OF DIARRHEA: ROLE OF ACID STRESS 173
BACTERIAL MITOCHONDRIAL HSP 175
CONCLUSION 178
Acknowledgements 179
REFERENCES 179
Part II Heat Shock Proteins and Psychological Stress 184
11 Heat Shock Proteins and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 185
Introduction 185
Expression Of Hsp s In Cns 186
Hsp90 Expression in the CNS 186
Hsp70 Expression in the CNS 187
Hsp60 Expression in the CNS 187
Hsp40 Expression in the CNS 188
Role Of Hsp In Gr Translocation And P11 Gene Expression 188
Role Of Hsps In Gr Translocation And Mitochondrial Function 190
Conclusion 193
Acknowledgments 195
REFERENCES 196
12 In Vivo Tissue Source and Releasing Signal for Endogenous Extracellular Hsp72 199
Introduction 199
Stress And Extracellular Hsp72 201
Releasing Signals And Secretory Pathways Of Extracellular Hsp72: Overview 202
Releasing Signals And Secretory Pathways Of Extracellular Hsp72: Exosomal Release 202
Releasing Signals And Secretory Pathways Of Extracellular Hsp72: Adr-Mediated Release 203
Immune Modulatory Effects Of Ehsp72 204
ehsp72 And Lps: In Vitro Versus In Vivo 206
Stress, Bacterial Translocation And The Ehsp72/Lps Complex 207
Conclusion 212
References 214
13 The 70 kDa Heat Shock Protein Family and Learning 222
Introduction 222
Learning-Related Changes In 70Kda Hsp Family 224
HSP72 is Induced in the Cerebellum Following Active Avoidance Learning 224
HSP72 is Induced in the Hippocampus Following Inhibitory Avoidance Learning 226
Water-Maze Training Enhances Expression of the Constitutive HSC70 in the Hippocampus 229
Radial Maze Learning Induces HSP72 Expression in the Hippocampus Independently from Exposure to Stress 230
Heat Shock-Induced Changes In Learning 233
Heat Shock Prevents Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia 234
Heat Shock Prevents Scopolamine-Induced Disruption of Long-Term Potentiation 234
Heat Shock Disrupts Habituation in Caenorhabditis Elegans 235
Hsp Expression In The Brain: Specific Versus Non Specific Learning Effects 237
Stress, Motor Activity, Learning and Hsp72 Expression: How to Disentangle Specific from Non-Specific Learning Effects 237
70 kDa HSP and Learning-Associated Changes in Synaptic Activity 238
Dysregulation of HSP70 Expression is Associated with Cognitive Diseases 239
Conclusion 240
REFERENCES 241
Part III Heat Shock Proteins and Exercise Physiology 246
14 HSP, Exercise, and Antioxidants 247
Introduction 247
Exercise And Heat Shock Proteins 248
Exercise, Hsp And Free Oxygen Radicals 249
Other Mediators Of Exercise-Induced Regulation Of Hsp 252
Conclusion 253
REFERENCES 253
15 Exercise Intensity and Duration Affect Blood-Soluble HSP72 257
INTRODUCTION 257
Exercise Intensity And Duration For Secretion Of Hsp72 258
Potential Mechanisms Of Exercise-Induced Ehsp72 Elevation 261
Passive or Active Mechanisms? 261
How Is Hsp72 Released? 262
Potential Sources of eHsp72 264
Functional Consequences In Immune System 264
CONCLUSION 265
REFERENCES 266
16 Ultra Marathon Race Competition and Immune Function 270
Introduction 270
The 160-Km Western States Endurance Run 271
Major Findings From The Wser Research Projects 272
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 272
Plasma Cytokine Levels 275
Predictors Of Variance In Plasma Cytokine Changes 277
Negative Effects Of Ibuprofen Use 279
Conclusion 283
References 284
17 HSP, Exercise and Skeletal Muscle 287
INTRODUCTION 287
Skeletal Muscle, Hsp And Adaptation To Exercise 288
Fibre Type Differences In Hsp Basal State 289
Exercise Induced Changes In Hsp 293
Skeletal Muscle Tissue 293
Blood Vessels 295
Motor Nerves 297
Intracellular Signaling And Exercise-Induced Activation Of Hsp Expression 298
Physiological Importance Of Hsp In Skeletal Muscle 302
Ischemia-Reperfusion 302
Fatigue 303
Hypertrophy/Atrophy 304
Alternate HSP Therapies in Muscle 306
Conclusion 307
Acknowledgements 307
References 307
18 Circulating HSP70 as an Endogenous Cytoprotector? 319
INTRODUCTION 319
Stress Protein Release and Circulating Stress Proteins 320
Release of Stress Proteins 321
Circulating Stress Proteins and Cardiovascular Disease 322
The Cytoprotective Effects of Extracellular Stress Proteins 324
CONCLUSION 324
REFERENCES 325
19 72 kDa Extracellular Heat Shock Protein (eHsp72), Norepinephrine (NE), and the Innate Immune Response Following Moderate Exercise 329
Introduction 330
Exercise, Stress, Immune System, and Health 330
Role of Norepinephrine (Ne) in the Neuroimmunomodulation During Moderate Exercise 332
Extracellular Hsp70 During Exercise-Induced Stress 338
Exercise-Induced Release of Hsp72: Role of NE as Releasing Signals 338
Role of Ehsp72 as Stress Mediator or Messenger of Stress in the Stimulated Innate Response During Moderate Exercise 341
Interaction Between Ne and Ehsp72 in the Modulation of Neutrophils During Moderate Exercise: Model of Conjoint Action of Ne and Ehsp72 During a Possible Pathogen Challenge 344
CONCLUSION 346
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 348
References 348
20 Molecular Chaperones as Mediators of Stress Protective Effect of Plant Adaptogens 353
Introduction 353
Effect of Adaptogens on Endurance: Studies of Adapt-232 Forte 354
Adaptive Stress Response: Effect of Hormetins and Adaptogens 357
Role of Heat Shock Proteins 360
Acknowledgements 363
References 364
21 Biochemical Changes in Response to Intensive Resistance Exercise Training in the Elderly 367
INTRODUCTION 367
Factors Contributing To Sarcopenia 368
Sarcopenia and Altered Cytoprotective Mechanisms 370
Resistance Exercise To Counter Sarcopenia 372
Hsp-Response To Physical Exercise In The Elderly 373
Animal Studies 373
Human Studies 378
CONCLUSION 381
APPENDIX 382
REFERENCES 382
22 Heat Shock Proteins, Exercise, and Aging 388
INTRODUCTION 388
Effects of Muscle Loading and Activity (i.e. Exercise) on Hsp Expression 390
Effects of Muscle Loading and Activity on Hsp Expression: Effects of Aging 392
Mechanisms for the Protective Effects of Hsp in Aging Muscle Nuclear Factor-B (NF-B) 395
Caspases 396
CONCLUSION 396
REFERENCES 397
23 Hsp60 and Hsp10 in Ageing 402
INTRODUCTION 403
Molecular Versus Clinical Chaperonopathies 405
Chaperonins: Evolution, Groups, Location, Genes, Structure 406
Extracellular Chaperones and the Immune System 407
Cell Senescence and Disease 408
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease 410
Other Age-Related Cardiac Diseases 412
Neurodegenerative Diseases 414
Degenerative Joint Diseases 415
Other Pathologies 416
CONCLUSIONS 417
Roadmap for the Future 418
Acknowledgements 419
REFERENCES 419
Index 428