Functional Ultrastructure (eBook)

Professor Margit Pavelka, MD. Studies in Medicine, University of Vienna. Medical training at the Vienna Hospital “Rudolfstiftung” and at the Vienna General Hospital. Specialization in Internal Medicine. Resident at the Institute of Micromorphology and Electron Microscopy, Vienna. Specialization in the fields of electron microscopy, cytology, histochemistry, cytochemistry, and ultrastructural histology.Habilitation and University Docent in Histology and Embryology. Professor of Histology and Embryology, University of Innsbruck. Currently Professor of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Vienna. Main research interests: Morpho-functional organization of the Golgi apparatus; secretory and endocytic pathways; visualization of cellular dynamics; cell traffic in health and disease; cellular stress.Professor Jürgen Roth, MD, PhD. Studies in Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena. Resident at the Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena. Habilitation and University Docent in Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena. Research Associate, Department of Morphology, University of Geneva. Associate Professor of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel. Professor Emeritus of Cell and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich. Currently Distinguished Professor, World Class University Programme, Department of Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul. Main research interests: Topography of protein glycosylation; protein quality control; protein folding diseases; carcinoma-associated glycoconjugates.

Title Page 2
Copyright page 3
FOREWORD 5
PREFACE OF THE SECOND EDITION 6
PREFACE OF THE FIRST EDITION 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8
WE ARE GRATEFUL TO THE FOLLOWING COLLEAGUES FOR PROVIDING MICROGRAPHS 9
Table of Contents 10
THE CELL 15
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF A MAMMALIAN CELL 16
ARCHITECTURE OF THE CELL NUCLEUS 18
References 18
CYTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS 20
References 20
NUCLEAR LAMINA 20
References 20
DETECTION OF SITES OF DNA REPLICATION AND OF INTERPHASE CHROMOSOME DOMAINS 22
References 22
NUCLEOLUS 24
References 24
CHANGES OF THE NUCLEOLAR ARCHITECTURE 26
References 26
DETECTION OF SITES OF RNA SYNTHESIS 28
References 28
NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEXES 30
References 30
NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEXES: STRUCTURAL CHANGES AS MONITORED BY TIME-LAPSE ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 32
References 32
MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION 34
References 34
APOPTOSIS 36
References 36
VIRAL INCLUSIONS 36
References 36
SECRETORY PATHWAY OF PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS 38
References 38
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM OF DINOFLAGELLATES 40
References 40
RIBOSOMES, ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 42
References 42
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE AND ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 44
References 44
ANNULATE LAMELLAE 46
References 46
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: SITE OF PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION AND INITIATION OF PROTEIN N-GLYCOSYLATION 48
References 48
OLIGOSACCHARIDE TRIMMING, REGLUCOSYLATION, AND PROTEIN QUALITY CONTROL IN THE ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 50
References 50
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: STORAGE SITE OF AGGREGATES OF MISFOLDED GLYCOPROTEINS 52
References 52
RUSSELL BODIES AND AGGRESOMES REPRESENT DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTEIN INCLUSION BODIES 54
References 54
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 56
References 56
PROLIFERATION OF THE SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 58
References 58
PRE-GOLGI INTERMEDIATES 60
References 60
PRE-GOLGI INTERMEDIATES: OLIGOSACCHARIDE TRIMMING AND PROTEIN QUALITY CONTROL 62
References 62
GOLGI APPARATUS: A MAIN CROSSROADS ALONG SECRETORY PATHWAYS 64
References 64
PROTEIN SECRETION VISUALISED BY IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY 66
References 66
PROTEIN N-GLYCOSYLATION: OLIGOSACCHARIDE TRIMMING IN THE GOLGI APPARATUS AND PRE-GOLGI INTERMEDIATES 68
References 68
GOLGI APPARATUS: SITE OF MATURATION OF ASPARAGINE-LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES 70
References 70
CELL TYPE-RELATED VARIATIONS IN THE TOPOGRAPHY OF GOLGI APPARATUS GLYCOSYLATION REACTIONS 72
References 72
CELL TYPE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN OLIGOSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE 74
References 74
TOPOGRAPHY OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF SERINE/THREONINE-LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES 76
References 76
GOLGI APPARATUS AND TGN – STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS 78
References 78
GOLGI APPARATUS AND TGN – SECRETION AND ENDOCYTOSIS 80
References 80
GOLGI APPARATUS, TGN AND TRANS GOLGI-ER 82
References 82
GOLGI APPARATUS, TGN AND TRANS GOLGI-ER: TILT SERIES 84
References 84
STRUCTURE OF THE TGN 86
References 86
BREFELDIN A-INDUCED GOLGI APPARATUS DISASSEMBLY 88
References 88
BREFELDIN A-TREATMENT: TUBULATION OF GOLGI APPARATUS AND ENDOSOMES 90
References 90
BREFELDIN A-TREATMENT: EFFECT ON RETROGRADE TRANSPORT OF INTERNALISED WGA 92
References 92
BREFELDIN A-TREATMENT: TRANSITIONAL ER-ELEMENTS AND PRE-GOLGI INTERMEDIATES 94
References 94
HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS 96
References 96
GOLGI APPARATUS CHANGES UPON ATP-DEPLETION AND ATP-REPLENISHMENT 98
References 98
SECRETORY GRANULES 100
References 100
SECRETORY GRANULE TYPES 102
References 102
GOBLET CELL - COMPOUND EXOCYTOSIS 104
References 104
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS VIA CLATHRIN-COATED VESICLES AND VIRUS ENDOCYTOSIS 106
References 106
ENDOSOMES AND ENDOCYTIC PATHWAYS 108
References 108
ENDOCYTIC TRANS GOLGI NETWORK AND RETROGRADE TRAFFIC INTO THE GOLGI APPARATUS 110
References 110
TUBULAR PERICENTRIOLAR ENDOSOMES 112
References 112
LANGERHANS CELLS AND BIRBECK GRANULES: ANTIGEN PRESENTING DENDRITIC CELLS OF THE EPIDERMIS 114
References 114
CAVEOLAE 116
References 116
FLUID-PHASE ENDOCYTOSIS AND PHAGOCYTOSIS 118
References 118
LYSOSOMES 120
References 120
LYSOSOMES: LOCALISATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE, LAMP AND POLYLACTOSAMINE 122
References 122
I-CELL DISEASE 124
References 124
GAUCHER'S DISEASE 126
References 126
FABRY'S DISEASE 128
References 128
GM2 GANGLIOSIDOSES 130
References 130
FARBER'S DISEASE 132
References 132
WOLMAN'S DISEASE 134
References 134
GLYCOGENOSIS TYPE II 136
References 136
CYSTINOSIS 136
References 136
AUTOPHAGY: LIMITED SELF-DIGESTION 138
References 138
PEXOPHAGY: AUTOPHAGY OF PEROXISOMES 140
References 140
MITOCHONDRIA: CRISTA AND TUBULUS TYPES 142
References 142
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOCHONDRIA 144
References 144
PEROXISOMES: MULTITALENTED ORGANELLES 146
References 146
PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS 148
References 148
PEROXISOMES: ADAPTIVE CHANGES 150
References 150
PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS 152
References 152
GLYCOGEN 154
References 154
GLYCOGENOSIS TYPE I 154
References 154
ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTO PORPHYRIA 156
References 156
CYTOCENTRE, CENTROSOME, AND MICROTUBULES 158
References 158
EFFECTS OF MICROTUBULE DISRUPTION 160
References 160
ACTIN FILAMENTS 162
References 162
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS 164
References 164
MALLORY BODIES 166
References 166
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 168
References 168
CELLS IN CULTURE 170
References 170
BRUSH CELL 172
References 172
GLYCOCALYX (CELL COAT) 174
References 174
GLYCOCALYX: CELL TYPE SPECIFICITY AND DOMAINS 176
References 176
GLYCOCALYX CHANGES IN TUMOURS 178
References 178
JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX 180
References 180
TIGHT JUNCTIONS AND GAP JUNCTIONS 182
References 182
TUNNELING NANOTUBES 184
References 184
SPOT DESMOSOMES 186
References 186
SELECTIN – LIGAND-MEDIATED CELL-CELL INTERACTION 188
References 188
CELLULAR INTERDIGITATIONS 190
References 190
BASAL LABYRINTH 192
References 192
BASEMENT MEMBRANE 194
References 194
GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE 196
References 196
ALPORT’S SYNDROME (HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS) 196
References 196
DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE 198
References 198
SKIN BASEMENT MEMBRANE AND KERATINOCYTE HEMIDESMOSOMES: AN EPITHEL-CONNECTIVE TISSUE JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX 200
References 200
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX 202
References 202
PRINCIPLES OF TISSUE ORGANISATION 204
PANCREATIC ACINUS 205
References 205
ACINAR CENTRE: ACINAR AND CENTROACINAR CELLS 207
References 207
PANCREATIC INTERCALATED DUCT 209
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND 211
References 211
GOBLET CELLS – UNICELLULAR GLANDS 213
References 213
PARIETAL CELLS OF STOMACH: SECRETION OF ACID 215
References 215
INTERCALATED CELLS OF KIDNEY: IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF ACID-BASE BALANCE 217
References 217
ENDOCRINE SECRETION: INSULIN-PRODUCING BETA CELLS OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS 219
References 219
IMPAIRED INSULIN PROCESSING IN HUMAN INSULINOMA 221
References 221
CELLS OF THE DISSEMINATED ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 223
References 223
LIVER 225
LIVER: HEPATOCYTES, KUPFFER CELL, CELL OF ITO 227
References 227
LIVER EPITHELIUM: BILE CANALICULI 229
References 229
LIVER EPITHELIUM: PATHWAY OF SECRETORY LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES 231
References 231
CONGENITAL HEPATIC FIBROSIS 233
References 233
CHOROID PLEXUS EPENDYMA 235
References 235
SMALL INTESTINE: ABSORPTIVE CELLS 237
References 237
SMALL INTESTINE: PATHWAY OF LIPIDS 239
References 239
RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULE: A REABSORPTION PLANT 241
References 241
PARATHYROID HORMONE RESPONSE OF RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULES 243
References 243
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS OF THE RETINA: SIGNALLING OF LIGHT 245
References 245
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS OF THE RETINA: LIGHT-INDUCED APOPTOSIS 247
References 247
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM 249
References 249
CORNEAL EPITHELIUM 251
References 251
EPIDERMIS 253
References 253
DIFFERENTIATION OF KERATINOCYTES AND FORMATION OF THE EPIDERMAL FLUID BARRIER 255
References 255
THE TRACHEO-BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM 257
References 257
CILIARY PATHOLOGY: IMMOTILE CILIA SYNDROME AND KARTAGENER SYNDROME 259
References 259
ALVEOLI: GAS EXCHANGE AND HOST DEFENSE 261
References 261
UMBRELLA CELL – SURFACE SPECIALISATIONS 263
References 263
UMBRELLA CELL – FUSIFORM VESICLES 265
References 265
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARY, WEIBEL-PALADE BODIES 267
References 267
HYALINE ARTERIOLOSCLEROSIS 269
References 269
FENESTRATED CAPILLARY 271
References 271
ENDOTHELIO-PERICYTE AND ENDOTHELIO-SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL INTERACTIONS 273
References 273
GLOMERULUS: A SPECIALISED DEVICE FOR FILTERING 275
References 275
PATHOLOGY OF THE GLOMERULAR FILTER: MINIMAL CHANGE GLOMERULOPATHY AND CONGENITAL NEPHROTIC SYNDROMES 277
References 277
PATHOLOGY OF THE GLOMERULUS: MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS 279
References 279
PATHOLOGY OF THE GLOMERULUS: MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS 281
References 281
PATHOLOGY OF THE GLOMERULUS: IgA NEPHROPATHY (BERGER) 283
References 283
PATHOLOGY OF THE GLOMERULUS: CHRONIC ALLOGRAFT GLOMERULOPATHY 285
References 285
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE 287
References 287
FIBROBLAST, FIBROCYTE, MACROPHAGE 289
References 289
COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC FIBRES 291
References 291
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOCYTE, PLASMA CELL, MACROPHAGE, MAST CELL 293
References 293
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: COLLAGEN BUNDLES IN THE CORNEA 295
References 295
BOWMAN’S LAYER 297
References 297
AMYLOIDOSIS OF KIDNEY 299
References 299
AMYLOID FIBRILS: GROWTH AS SEEN BY TIME LAPSE, ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 301
References 301
WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE 303
References 303
BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE 305
References 305
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE 307
References 307
OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCYTES 309
References 309
OSTEOCLAST 311
References 311
MYOFIBRILS AND SARCOMERE 313
References 313
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM, TRIAD, SATELLITE CELL 315
References 315
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION 317
References 317
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES 319
References 319
GLYCOGENOSIS TYPE II (POMPE) 321
References 321
MYOFIBRILS, INTERCALATED DISK 323
References 323
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, SYNAPSE A DISTANCE 325
References 325
CADASIL 327
References 327
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: NEURON, GLIAL CELLS 329
References 329
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, SYNAPSES 331
References 331
STRUCTURE OF THE SYNAPTIC TERMINAL 333
References 333
UNMYELINATED NERVE FIBRE 335
References 335
PERIPHERAL NERVE: CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS 337
References 337
MYELINATED NERVE FIBRE, MYELIN 339
References 339
NODE OF RANVIER 341
References 341
AXONAL DEGENERATION 343
References 343
NEUROAXONAL DYSTROPHY 345
References 345
NEUROPATHIES ASSOCIATED WITH DYSPROTEINAEMIAS 347
References 347
METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY 349
References 349
NEURONAL CEROID L1POFUSCINOSIS 351
References 351
RED BLOOD CELLS AND CELLS OF THE ERYTHROID LINEAGE 353
References 353
NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTE 355
References 355
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOCYTE 357
References 357
BASOPHILIC GRANULOCYTE 359
References 359
MONOCYTE 361
References 361
LYMPHOCYTE 363
References 363
MEGAKARYOCYTE AND THROMBOCYTE 365
References 365
THROMBOCYTES 367
References 367
SUBJECT INDEX 369