Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th - 16th May 2008, Siena, Italy (eBook)

Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry 3
Preface 9
Contents 11
Contributors 23
Part I: Ceramics, Glazes, Glass and Vitreous Materials (Technology and Provenance) 47
Late Byzantine-Early Islamic Ceramic Technology, Transjordan 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Samples and Methodology 49
3 Results and Discussion 50
4 Conclusion 52
References 53
Provenance Study of Some Samples of ``Compendiario´´ Majolica Found in Archaeological Excavations Carried Out in the 54
1 Introduction 54
2 Experimental 55
3 Results and Discussion 55
3.1 Pastes 55
3.2 Glazes 57
4 Conclusions 58
References 59
Archaeometry of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Italian Vitreous Materials: A Review 61
1 Introduction 61
2 Vitreous Materials Texture and Compositions: Changes from Eba to Eia in Continental Italy 62
2.1 Faience of the Early Bronze Age (EBA, 2100-1700/1650BC) 62
2.2 Glassy Faience and Glass of the Middle Bronze Age 1-2 (MBA1-2, 1700/1650-1450BC) 63
2.3 Glassy Faience and Glass of the Middle Bronze Age 3: Recent Bronze Age (MBA3-RBA, 1450-1200BC) 63
2.4 Final Bronze Age Glass (FBA, 1200-900BC) 64
2.5 Early Iron Age Glass (EIA, 900-600BC) 64
3 Short Note on the Prehistoric Vitreous Materials from Italian Islands 66
4 Conclusions 66
References 66
Chemical, Mineralogical and Textural Characterisation of Early Iron Age Vitreous Materials from the Golasecca Culture (Norther 68
1 Introduction and Description of Samples 68
2 Experimental Techniques 70
3 Results and Discussion 70
4 Conclusions 73
References 74
Mapping Regional Ceramic Fabrics in Sagalassos (SW-Turkey), Dating from 500 BC-700 AD 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Materials and Methods 76
2.1 Materials 76
2.2 Methods 77
3 Results 77
3.1 Petrography 77
3.2 Elemental Analysis 81
4 Discussion 82
References 83
Ethnoarchaeometric Study of the Traditional Cooking Ware Production Centre of Pabillonis (Sardinia): Investigating Raw Material and Final Products 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Geological Sketch of the Area 85
3 Materials and Methods 86
4 Results 87
4.1 The Cooking Wares from the Workshop 87
4.2 The Clays 88
5 Conclusions 88
References 89
Materials, Technology and Provenance of Ancient Ceiling Tiles from the Ceramic District in Riva San Vitale (Southern Switzerland) 91
1 Introduction 91
2 Materials and Methods 92
3 Experimental 92
3.1 Petrography 92
3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 93
3.3 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 93
4 Discussion 94
5 Conclusions 95
References 96
An Investigation into the Ceramic Technology of the Two-Colour Tiles of ``Prince Noir´´ Castle (Bordeaux, France, Thirteen to Fourteenth Centuries AD) 97
1 Introduction 97
2 The Site and Materials 97
3 Methodology 98
4 Texture and Chemical Composition of the Bodies 99
5 Non-Destructive Analysis of the Glaze by SEM-EDS: Low Vacuum Mode 99
6 Technological Implications 101
7 General Conclusions 101
References 102
Ceramic Production and Metal Working at the Trebbio Archaeological Site (Sansepolcro, Arezzo, Italy) 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Materials and Method 105
3 The Characterisation of Ceramics, Metal Slags and Local Clayey Sediments 107
3.1 Ceramics 107
3.2 Local Clayey Sediments 107
3.3 Metallic Slags 107
4 Discussion 109
5 Conclusions 110
References 110
Many Potters - One Style: Pottery Production and Distribution in Transitional Late Byzantine-Early Islamic Palaestina Tertia 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Archaeological Materials and Analytical Methods 112
3 Results and Discussion 113
4 Conclusions 115
References 116
Technological Features of Colonial Glazed Pottery from el Convento de Santo Domingo (Antigua, Guatemala). Similarities and Differences Between Colonial and Spanish pottery 118
1 The Convent of Santo Domingo (Antigua, Guatemala) 118
2 Goals and Methodology 118
3 Chemical Characterization 119
4 Technological Characterization 120
5 Conclusions 122
References 122
Applicability of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis to Glass Archaeometry 124
1 Introduction and Objectives 124
2 Investigated Objects 125
3 Experimental 125
4 Results and Discussion 129
5 Conclusions 130
References 130
Colorants and Their Provenance of a Late Medieval Glass Goblet Found in Eger (Hungary) 132
1 Archaeological and Art-Historical Introduction 132
2 Materials of the Ancient and Medieval European Glassware 133
3 Instrumental Analysis of the Goblet by EPMA 134
4 External Beam PIXE Analysis: What Colorants Were Applied? 134
5 Conventional PIXE Analysis: What Trace Elements Are Detectable in the Colorant? 135
6 Bulk Analysis by PGAA 137
7 Conclusions 137
References 138
Gnathia and Red-Figured Pottery from Apulia: The Continuity of a Production Technology 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Experimental 141
3 Results and Discussion 141
References 144
North-Western European Forest Glass: Working Towards An Independent Means of Provenance 145
1 Introduction 145
2 Forest Glass Production 145
3 Scientific Analysis 146
3.1 Compositional Analysis 146
3.2 Isotopic Analysis 146
4 Sites 147
5 Methodology 147
6 Results 147
6.1 Early Pre-1500 Group 148
6.2 Transitional 1500-1567 group 149
6.3 Late 1567-1615 group 149
6.4 Coal Fired Post-1615 Group 150
7 Conclusions 150
References 151
Ceramic Production in the Indigenous Settlement of Entella (Western Sicily) During the Archaic Age 152
1 Archaeological Background and Aims 152
2 Results and Discussion 153
3 Conclusive Remarks 156
References 157
Middle Guadiana River Basin (Badajoz, Spain and Alentejo, Portugal) Network Interactions: Insights from the Chemical Analysis of Bell Beaker Pottery and the Lead Isotope Analysis of Copper Items from the Third Millennium BC 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Materials and Methods 159
3 Results 159
4 Discussion 163
5 Conclusions 163
References 164
The Black Gloss Pottery in the Region of Ostia: Archaeology and Archaeometry 165
1 Introduction, Material and Questions 165
2 Analytical Results 166
3 Conclusive Remarks 169
References 169
Recognising Frit: Experiments Reproducing Post-Medieval Plant Ash Glass 170
1 Introduction 170
2 Aims 172
3 Experimental Methods 172
4 Analytical Methods 172
5 Results 173
6 Conclusions 174
References 174
Archaeometric Investigation of Early Iron Age Glasses from Bologna 176
1 Introduction 176
1.1 Glass Beads from the Villanovan Graves of Bologna: The Archaeological Context 176
2 Materials 177
3 Experimental Techniques 177
3.1 SEM-EDS and EPMA Chemical Analysis 177
3.2 Image Analysis 178
4 Results and Discussion 178
4.1 Main Elements Chemistry 178
4.2 Pigments and Decorations 180
5 Conclusions 181
References 181
Non Invasive Study of Nineteenth Century Iranian Polychrome Underglaze Painted Tiles by Fibre Optic Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Material and Experimental Equipment 183
3 Results of Fibre Optic Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy 183
4 Discussion and Conclusions 187
References 187
Neolithic Facies of Stentinello Culture: Analysis and Comparison of Ceramics from Capo Alfiere (Calabria) and Perriere Sottano (Sicily) 189
1 Introduction 189
2 Sampling and Analytical Methods 190
3 Composition of Ceramic Bodies and Inlays from Capo Alfiere and Perriere Sottano 191
4 Discussion 193
5 Directions for Future Research 194
References 194
Preliminary Archaeometric Data on Fineware from the Middle Neolithic Bükk Culture 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Samples and Methods 196
3 Petrography 197
4 Geochemical Data 200
5 XRD Data 201
6 Discussion 202
7 Conclusion 202
References 203
A Study of the Materials Used for the Inscriptions on Ceramic Vessels 204
1 Introduction 204
2 Experimental 205
2.1 Samples and the Identification of the Pigments Used for the Inscriptions 205
2.2 The Instrumentation and Procedures for the Identification of Binding Media 206
3 Results and Discussion 207
4 Conclusion 209
References 209
A Discussion on Raw Materials Used for Ancient Chinese Porcelain 211
1 Introduction 211
2 Concept and Dispute 211
3 Discussion and Conclusion 212
References 216
Part II: Stone, Plaster and Pigments (Technology and Provenance) 218
Palaeolithic Paintings at Riparo Dalmeri, a Northern Italian Rock Shelter: Materials, Technologies, Techniques 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Experimental 220
3 Results and Discussion 221
4 Conclusion 223
References 224
``Ramses II in Majesty´´: A Minero-Petrographic and Provenance Rock Study 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Results 226
2.1 Petrography 226
2.2 Mineral Chemistry 228
3 Conclusions 229
References 230
Using Non-destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis to Investigate the Prehistoric Use and Distribution of Hornfels in Southern Quebec 231
1 Introduction 231
2 Research Objectives 232
3 Sample Preparation 232
4 Methods 233
5 Geochemical Characterization 233
6 Results and Discussion 233
7 Conclusion 234
References 236
Clinical Test Strips for Rapid Identification of Binder Materials in Rock Paintings 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Experimental 238
2.1 Materials 238
2.2 Preparation 238
2.3 Methods 239
3 Results and Discussion 239
4 Conclusions 241
References 241
Archaeometric Processing of Polished Stone Artefacts from the Ebenhöch Collection (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary) 243
1 Introduction 243
2 Methods 243
2.1 General Overview of the Raw Material Types 244
3 Results 244
3.1 Petrography 244
3.2 Magnetic Susceptibility (kappa) Measurements 245
3.3 Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) 246
4 Discussion and Conclusions 249
References 250
The Colour of the Façades in Siena´s Historical Centre: Calcium Oxalate Films on Brickwork of the Fifteenth to Sixteenth Century Palaces 252
1 Introduction 252
2 Sampling and Methods 253
3 Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Palaces 253
3.1 Binducci Palace 253
3.2 Calusi-Giannini Palace 254
3.3 Other Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Palaces 255
4 Comparison with Thirteenth to Fourteenth Century Palaces 255
5 Concluding Remarks 256
References 257
Stone Beads from Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Settlements from South-Western Portugal: Analyses by X-Ray Diffraction 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Experimental 259
3 Results and Discussion 260
4 Conclusion 261
References 261
Integrated Research on Sixteenth to Early Nineteenth Century Panel Paintings: Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Characterisation of Paint Layers 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Physico-chemical Research 264
2.1 Experimental Procedure 264
2.2 Sample Collection 265
3 Results and Discussion 266
4 Conclusion 267
References 268
A Diptich by Marcellus Coffermans Analysed by Portable XRF 269
1 Introduction 269
2 Objectives and Experimental Procedures 269
3 Results and Discussion 271
3.1 Lead Compounds 271
3.2 Pigments 272
References 275
The Analysis of ``San He Tu´´ from the Haizi and Weizi Emplacements at the Tianjin Dagu Site 276
1 Introduction 276
2 Samples and Analysis 277
2.1 Samples and Sample Preparation 277
2.2 Analytical Methods and Results 277
2.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis 277
2.2.2 XRF and XRD Analysis 278
3 Discussion 281
3.1 The Manufacture Craft of ``San He Tu´´ 281
3.2 Ratios of ``San He Tu´´ 281
4 Conclusions 282
References 283
Neolithic Obsidian Economy Around the Monte Arci Source (Sardinia, Italy): The Importance of Integrated Provenance/Technology Analyses 284
1 Methods and Aims 284
2 The Monte Arci Obsidians 285
3 Sourcing: Techniques, Results 285
4 A Three Cases Study 287
5 Monte Arci Obsidian Across the Sea: Chronological Trends of Distribution 288
References 289
Mineralogical Characterization of the Weathering Crusts Covering the Ancient Wall Paintings of the Festival Temple of Thutmosis III, Karnak Temple Complex, Upper Egypt 290
1 Introduction 290
2 Materials and Methods 290
3 Results and Discussion 291
3.1 Optical Microscopy 291
3.2 Backscattered Electron Microscopy (BSE) 291
3.3 Mineralogical Characterization 293
3.4 Formation Mechanisms of the Degradation Products 293
4 Conclusions 294
References 294
Scientific Characterization of Roman Age Over-Paintings at Luxor Temple, Upper Egypt: Preliminary Results 296
1 Introduction 296
2 Materials and Methods 296
3 Results and Discussion 297
3.1 Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy 297
3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffraction Analysis 299
4 Conclusions 300
References 301
Gilding Techniques in Mural Paintings: Three Examples from the Romanesque Period in France 302
1 Introduction 302
2 Sites and Materials 304
3 Methods 304
4 Results and Discussion 305
4.1 Gildings in Saint Nicholas Church (Nogaro, France) 305
4.2 ``False Gildings´´ in Moissac 305
4.3 Metallic Decorations on the Occidental Portal of the Cathedral of Cahors 306
5 Conclusions 306
References 307
The Basalts of the Independent State of Samoa 308
1 Introduction 308
2 Sample Collection 308
3 Analysis 310
4 Results and Discussion 310
5 Rare Earth Element Concentration Interpretations 312
6 Conclusions 313
References 313
Petrographic and Geochemical Investigation of Sarmatian Grinding Stones from the Üllo 5 Site, North Hungary 314
1 Aim of the Study 314
2 Archaeological Background 314
3 Methods 315
4 Raw Materials in General 315
5 Group 1 Andesites (462 Pieces, i.e. 52% of the Total) 316
6 Group 2 Andesites (310 Pieces, i.e. 35% of the Total) 316
6.1 Microscopic Features 316
6.1.1 Phenocrysts 316
7 Comparative Samples 317
7.1 Microscopic Features 317
7.1.1 Phenocrysts 317
8 Electron Probe Microanalyses (EPMA) 318
9 Bulk Chemistry (ICP-ES, ICP-MS and PGAA) and Discussion 320
10 Conclusion 321
References 321
Brick-Lime Mortars and Plasters of a Sixteenth Century Ottoman Bath from Budapest, Hungary 322
1 Introduction 322
1.1 The Pozzolanic Principle 322
1.2 The Hydraulic Principle 323
2 Results 324
2.1 Polarizing Microscopy 324
2.2 X-Ray Diffractometry 325
2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 325
3 Discussion and Conclusions 326
References 327
Manufacturing Analysis and Non Destructive Characterisation of Green Stone Objects from the Tenochtitlan Templo Mayor Museum, Mexico 328
1 Introduction 328
2 Manufacturing Analysis 329
3 Analytical Methodology 329
4 Results 330
5 Conclusions 332
References 332
Traces of Ancient Treatments on the Stone Materials of the Main Façade of the Siena Cathedral: Glazings (Calcium Oxalate Films s.s.) and Other Finishes 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Sampling and Methods 334
3 Results 335
3.1 Films on Marble 335
3.2 Films on Red Ammonitic Limestone 336
3.3 Films on Serpentinite 337
4 Discussion and Conclusions 338
References 339
Investigating Trade and Exchange Patterns in Prehistory: Preliminary Results of the Archaeometric Analyses of Stone Artefacts from Tell Gorzsa (South-East Hungary) 340
1 Introduction and Archaeological Framework 340
2 Analytical Methods 341
2.1 Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) 342
3 Results 343
3.1 Polished Stone Tools (Table1) 343
3.2 Ground Stone Tools (Table1) 345
4 Origin and Provenance, Preliminary Results 346
5 Conclusions 347
References 348
Intra-site Obsidian Subsource Patterns at Contraguda, Sardinia (Italy) 349
1 Introduction 349
2 Contraguda 349
3 Monte Arci Obsidian 350
4 Analytical Methods and Results 350
5 Discussion 353
6 Conclusion 355
References 355
The Characterisation of Lime Plasters from Lamanai, Belize: A Diachronic Approach to the Study of Architectural Practices 357
1 Introduction 357
1.1 Lamanai 357
1.2 Lime Production in the Maya Area 357
2 Characterisation of the Plasters 358
2.1 Early Plasters 358
2.2 The Terminal Classic Period: Quarrying Activities 359
2.3 Postclassic and Spanish Colonial Periods 359
2.4 The Use of Tamped Sascab 360
3 Conclusions 361
References 361
Provenance Studies of Midwestern Pipestones Using a Portable Infrared Spectrometer 363
1 Introduction 363
1.1 Hopewellian Pipes 364
1.2 Catlinite 365
1.3 Mississippian Figurines 367
1.4 Other Pipestone Sources 368
1.5 Museum Applications of PIMA 369
2 Conclusions 369
References 369
Application of Micro-CT: 3D Reconstruction of Tool Marks on an Ancient Stone Bead and its Implication for Jade Drilling Techniques 371
1 Introduction 371
2 Sample 372
3 Experimental Methodology 372
4 Results and Discussion 373
5 Conclusion 374
References 375
Non Destructive In Situ Study of Mexican Codices: Methodology and First Results of Materials Analysis for the Colombino and Azoyu Codices 376
1 Introduction 376
2 Methodology 377
3 Results and Discussion 378
4 Conclusions 380
References 381
MissMarble, an Interdisciplinary Data Base of Marble for Archaeometric, Art History and Restoration Use 382
1 Introduction 382
2 The Demand for Data Integration in Marble Provenance Studies 383
3 Conceptual Elements and General Properties of the System 384
3.1 General Properties 385
3.2 Conceptual Issues 385
3.3 Implementation 385
3.4 Examples of Applications 386
3.5 Provenancing Powder Samples of White Marbles 386
4 Conclusions 387
References 387
Part III: Micro-nano Diagnostic and Ancient Technology 389
Look Into the Objects: Why? Cultural Heritage Motivations of Neutron-Based Imaging Techniques 390
1 Introduction 390
2 The Ancient Charm Project 390
3 Looking Into the Objects: Possible Reasons on Behalf of Neutron Physics 391
3.1 Testing Methodology 391
3.2 Publications 392
4 Looking Into the Objects: Possible Reasons on Behalf of CH 392
4.1 Conservation 392
4.2 Presentations 393
4.3 Technology Studies 393
5 Suggestions for a ``Best Practice´´ 393
6 Conclusions 394
References 395
Internet Resources 395
Nano-Scale Investigation of Some Dichroic/Opalescent Archaeological Materials 396
1 Introduction 396
2 Dichroic/Opalescent Glassworking Waste 396
3 FEG-SEM Examination of Dichroic/Opalescent Materials 397
4 Discussion 398
5 Conclusions 399
References 400
Sienese ``Archaic´´ Majolica: Characterisation of Enamels and Glazes by Analytical-Transmission Electron Microscopy (AEM-TEM) 401
1 Introduction 401
2 Materials and Techniques 402
3 Results and Discussion 402
References 404
From Micro- to Nano-Arrangement: Alteration Products in Archaeological Glass from Marine and Land-Based Environments 406
1 Introduction 406
2 Materials and Methods 407
3 Results and Discussion 407
4 Micro-Arrangements 407
4.1 Nano-Arrangements 408
5 Conclusions 409
References 410
An Investigation of the Sulfur-Iron Chemistry in Timbers of the Sixteenth Century Warship, the Mary Rose, by Synchrotron Micro-X-Ray Spectroscopy 411
1 Introduction 411
2 Experimental Method 413
2.1 Microprobe EXAFS 413
3 Conclusions 415
References 416
The Role of TOF-SIMS in the Characterisation of Inorganic and Organic Components in Paint Samples 417
1 Introduction: Aim of the Research and Description of the Painting 417
2 Experimental Method 418
3 Results and Discussion 419
4 Conclusions 422
References 422
Part IV: Bioarchaeology 424
Provenance Study of Wood Found in Archaeological and Architectural Objects 425
1 Materials and Methods 425
2 Results 427
3 Discussion 429
References 429
Hormone Mass Fingerprinting: Novel Molecular Sex Determination of Ancient Human Skeletal Remains 430
1 Introduction 430
2 Materials and Methods 431
2.1 Steroid Extraction 432
2.2 MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry 432
3 Results and Discussion 433
4 Conclusion 434
References 434
Hair: An Untapped Forensic Resource 435
1 Introduction 435
2 Materials and Methods 435
3 Results 436
3.1 Cyfarthfa Castle Museum Mummified Head 436
4 Discussion 438
References 438
Archaeobotany as an In-Site/Off-Site Tool for Paleoenvironmental Research at Pulo di Molfetta (Puglia, South-Eastern Italy) 439
1 Introduction 439
2 The Concept Of In-Site/Off-Site Archaeobotany 439
3 Study Area 440
4 Materials and Methods 440
5 Results 441
6 Discussion and Conclusion: Paleoenvironments and Landscapes 442
References 444
Analysis of Archaeological Bones for the Purpose of Reconstructing the Paleodiet of Medieval Inhabitants 445
1 Introduction 445
2 The Study Site 446
3 Material and Methods 447
3.1 Samples and Sample Preparation 447
4 Results and Discussion 448
5 Conclusions 450
References 451
Integrating Stable Isotopes to the Study of the Origin of Management Strategies for Domestic Animals: d13C and d18O Results from Bioapatite Enamel of Cattle from the Tell Halula Site, Syria (7800–7000 BC) 452
1 Introduction 452
1.1 The Neolithic Tell Halula Site 453
2 Materials and Methodology 453
3 Results 454
4 Conclusions 455
References 456
Chemical Analysis of Hair Segments and Short-Term Dietary Variation: Results for the Ancient Site of Chongos (Peru) 458
1 Introduction 458
2 Chongos (Peru) Archaeological Site 458
3 Hair Sample Preparation and Stable Isotope Analysis 459
4 Discussion 460
5 Conclusion 462
References 463
Distinguishing Between Reindeer Antler and Bone Using Raman Spectroscopy 464
1 Introduction 464
2 Methods 466
3 Results and Discussion 466
4 Conclusion 467
References 467
Part V: Food Preparation and Consumption in Antiquity 468
Fish-Based Subproducts in Late Antiquity. Archaeometric and Archaeological Evidence from the Fish Factories at Traducta (Algeciras, Ca´diz, Spain) 469
1 Introduction 469
2 Materials 470
3 Methods 470
4 Results and Discussion 471
4.1 Petrographic and Mineralogical Features of the Millstones 471
4.2 Considerations About the Presence of Fish and Marine Animal Remains in the Millstones 472
4.3 Considerations About the Provenance of the Cinnabar Grains 472
5 Conclusions 473
References 473
Chemical Analyses of Floors at San Genesio (San Miniato, Pisa): A Medieval Tavern 475
1 Introduction 475
2 The Site 476
3 Methodology 476
4 Results and Discussion 477
5 Conclusion 479
References 479
Food Habits and Social Identity During the Archaic Age: Chemical Analyses of Organic Residues Found on Pottery Vessels from the Messapian Settlement of San Vito dei Normanni (South-Eastern Italy) 481
1 Introduction 481
2 Chemical Analysis of Organic Residues 482
2.1 Sample Selection and Analytical Techniques 482
2.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 483
2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 483
3 Results and Discussion 483
4 Conclusions 485
References 486
Finding Food While Protecting Pots: A Non-Destructive Protocol for Absorbed Residue Analysis 488
1 Introduction 488
2 Materials 488
3 Revised Methodology 489
4 Results 490
5 Discussion 491
References 492
Part VI: Archaeochronometry 493
ESR and U/Th Dating Methodologies Applied to Carbonates from Southern Italy 494
1 Introduction 494
2 Materials and Methods 496
3 Results and Discussion 499
4 Conclusions 500
References 501
The Mezza Spiaggia Tower (Cagliari, Italy): The Dating of Structures by the Metrological-Chronological Analysis of Masonry and the Petro-Geochemical Stratigraphy of Building Materials 502
1 Introduction 502
2 The Methods Applied 503
3 Case Study: Mezza Spiaggia Tower 503
3.1 The Site 503
3.2 The Building 504
3.3 The Technique 504
3.4 The Materials 505
4 Conclusions 506
References 507
Preliminary Results of Magnetic Archaeointensity Measurements in Brazil 508
1 Introduction 508
2 Preliminary Results 509
2.1 Magnetic Mineralogy and Thermal Stability 509
2.2 Archaeointensity Measurements 509
3 Discussion 511
References 512
The Dating of a Sixteenth Century Settlement in the Vicinity of Quebec City (Canada) by Means of Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads Through Thermal and Fast Neutron Activation Analyses 513
1 Introduction 513
2 Materials and Methodology 514
3 Results 515
4 Discussion and Conclusion 519
References 519
Faster and More Accurate Processing of Samples for Microtephrochronology 521
1 Introduction 521
2 Background 522
3 Methods 524
4 Results and Discussion 524
5 Conclusion 525
References 525
Part VII: Recent Development in Radiocarbon Dating 526
The Radiocarbon Dating of Mortars from Wielka Waga, The Great Scales Building in The Krakow Market Square 527
1 Introduction 527
2 Material and Methods 528
2.1 Comparative Petrographic Analysis of Mortars 528
2.2 14C Dating 528
3 Results and Discussion 529
4 Conclusion 533
References 534
Part VIII: Field Archaeology 535
Combination of Non-Destructive Methods for the Observation of the State of Subsurface Preservation of Ploughed Archaeological Sites: A Case Study from Oppidum Stradonice in Bohemia 536
1 Introduction 536
2 Archaeology of the Site 536
3 Goals of the Project 537
4 Methodology of the Project 537
5 Results 538
6 Conclusion 540
References 540
The Different Possibilities for Collaboration Between Geophysical and Archaeological Methods in the Context of the Research Project “Neglected Archaeology” of the Department of Archaeology of the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen 542
1 Introduction 542
2 Aims of the Project 542
3 Particular Themes of the Project Envisioning Cooperation Between Geophysical and Archaeological Methods 543
4 Use of Geophysical Methods 543
5 Particular Examples of Archaeo-Geophysical Surveys 544
5.1 Combination of Non-destructive Methods in the Analysis of Agricultural Terrains of Lowland Regions: Example of the Region P 544
5.2 Revision and Research on Burial Cemeteries: Example of Burial Cemetery Dobesice, District of Písek, South Bohemia 545
5.3 Systematic Research in Flood Plain Area: Example of the Polycultural Site of Dolany, District of Plzen-North, Western Bohem 545
5.4 Study of Medieval Iron Production Areas: Example of a Site Near Strasice, District of Rokycany, Western Bohemia 546
5.5 Systematic Research and Documentation on Abandoned Medieval and/or Modern Villages in Forested Regions: Example of Abandone 546
6 Conclusion 548
References 548
Comparative Archaeometric Analysis by 3D Laser, Short Range Photogrammetry, and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Applied to the Celtiberian City-State of Segeda 549
1 Introduction 549
2 Close Range Acquisition 550
2.1 3D Laser Scanner 550
2.2 Thermal Images 551
2.3 Short Range Photogrammetry 551
3 Pre-processing of the Data 551
4 First Analysis 552
5 Conclusions 553
References 554
Part IX: Human-Environment Interaction 555
Shell Mounds in Brazilian Coast: Integrating Archaeological and Environmental Studies 556
1 Introduction 556
2 Shell Mounds 557
3 The Study Area: Rio De Janeiro State (Southeastern Brazil) 558
References 561
Hydraulic Systems in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) During the Bronze Age: Archaeology and Geoarchaeology 562
1 Introduction 562
2 Terramare and Water Courses 562
3 The Hydraulic Systems in the Terramara of Santa Rosa 564
4 Conclusive Remarks 566
References 566
Cultural Landscapes of South-Eastern Rhodope: The Transition from Byzantine to Modern Times 568
1 Introduction 568
2 Study Area 568
3 Methodology 569
4 Results and Discussion 570
5 Conclusions 572
References 573
Part X: Metals and Metallurgical Ceramics (Technology and Provenance) 574
XRF Analyses of Four Silver Gilded Hellenistic Epaulettes 575
1 Introduction 575
2 Experimental 577
3 Results 578
4 Discussion and Conclusions 579
References 580
The Use of Industrial Computed Tomography in the Study of Archaeological Finds 581
1 Introduction 581
2 Materials and Methods 582
3 Results 582
4 Conclusions 584
References 584
Arabic Coins as a Silver Source for Slavonic and Scandinavian Jewellers in the Tenth Century AD 585
1 Introduction 585
2 Methods of Investigation 586
3 Results and Discussion 586
3.1 Coins 586
3.2 Jewellery 589
References 590
Neutron-Based Analytical Methods for the Non-Invasive Characterisation of Iron Artefacts 591
1 Introduction 591
2 Method 592
3 Complementary Neutron Methods 594
4 Results 595
5 Conclusions 596
References 596
Corrosion Studies and Lead Isotope Analyses of Musket Balls from Scottish Battlefield Sites 597
1 Introduction 597
2 Background 598
3 Methods 600
3.1 Theoretical Computational Equilibrium Thermodynamics 600
3.2 Analyses of the Corrosion Products 601
3.3 Lead Isotope Analyses 601
4 Results 601
4.1 Theoretical Computational Equilibrium Thermodynamics 601
4.2 Analyses of the Corrosion Products 602
4.3 Lead Isotope Analyses 602
5 Conclusion 602
References 603
Non-Destructive and Minimally Invasive Analyses of Bronze Seal Boxes from Augusta Raurica by Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Raman Spectroscopy and FTIR Spectroscopy 604
1 Introduction 604
2 Objects and Questions 605
3 Measurement Procedures 605
4 Results and Discussion 606
4.1 Alloys 606
4.2 Decoration 607
4.3 Content of the Seal Boxes 608
5 Conclusion 608
References 609
A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Study of An Assemblage of Copper-Based Finds Assigned to the Prehistory and Proto-History of Fucino, Abruzzo, Italy 610
1 Introduction 610
2 Experimental 611
3 Results and Discussion 612
4 Conclusions 615
References 615
Copper-Based Kettles from Brador: A Contribution to the Study of Eastern Settlements of New France on the Northern Shore of the Estuary of the Saint-Lawrence (Quebec, Canada) 616
1 Introduction 616
2 INAA Method 616
3 Previous Studies 618
4 Brador Data 618
5 Conclusions 621
References 621
On the Gold Adornments from Apahida-Fifth Century AD, Transylvania, Romania 622
1 Introduction 622
1.1 Archaeological Material 622
1.2 Research Goals and Method 622
1.3 Equipment 624
2 Results and Discussion 624
3 Conclusion and Directions for Future Research 627
References 627
Non Destructive In Situ Analysis of Gold and Silver Artifacts from Tomb 7 of Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico 628
1 Introduction 628
2 Methodology 629
3 Results 629
4 Conclusions 632
References 632
``Harvesting´´ the Ore: The Use of Iron Seepages in the Early Bloomery Furnace in Ireland 633
1 Introduction 633
2 Iron Seepages: Their Nature and Formation 634
3 Seeking the Seepages in the Fills of the Furnaces 636
4 Conclusions 638
References 639
Analysis of Gold Jewellery by PIXE and SEM-EDS: A Comparison of Ancient and Modern Productions 640
1 Introduction 640
2 Objects and Analytical Techniques 641
3 Analytical Results 642
4 Conclusion 643
References 644
Part XI: Integrated Site Studies 645
Reconstructing the Lost Moregine Site: A VR Based Approach to Simulate and Navigate an Inaccessible Archaeological Excavation 646
1 Introduction 646
2 Approach Used 647
References 649
The Study of the Fourth Millennium Mud-Bricks at Arslantepe: Malatya (Turkey): Preliminary Results 651
1 Introduction 651
2 Archeological Features 652
3 Characterization of the Mud-Bricks 654
References 656
Intra-Site Testing Using Magnetometry and Shovel Test Pits in the Podere Funghi near Poggio Colla (Florence, Italy) 657
1 Introduction 657
2 Methods 658
3 Results 658
4 Discussion 660
5 Implications 661
6 Conclusions 661
References 662