Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 204 (eBook)

Foreword 4
Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 9
Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Metabolism of Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms 10
1 Introduction 10
2 Bioconcentration 12
2.1 Controlling Factors 12
2.1.1 Physico-chemical Properties 13
2.1.2 Aquatic Organisms 18
2.1.3 Environment 25
2.2 Theoretical Approach 28
2.3 Pesticides and Other Chemicals 32
3 Bioaccumulation 51
3.1 Controlling Factors 51
3.1.1 Bottom Sediment 53
3.1.2 Dietary Route 56
3.2 Bioaccumulation of Pesticides and Theoretical Approach 58
4 Metabolism 60
4.1 Metabolic Patterns 60
4.2 Enzymes 61
4.2.1 Oxidases 63
4.2.2 Reductases 71
4.2.3 Esterases 72
4.2.4 Glucose and Glucuronic Acid Transferases 81
4.2.5 Sulfotransferases 82
4.2.6 Glutathione-S-Transferases (GST) 84
4.2.7 Acyltransferases 88
4.3 Metabolism of Pesticides and Other Chemicals 88
4.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Simple Chemicals 88
4.3.2 Organochlorine Pesticides 94
4.3.3 Organophosphorus Pesticides 94
4.3.4 Other Pesticides 98
4.3.5 Species Differences 99
5 Behavior of Pesticides in Larger-Scale Systems 100
5.1 Model Ecosystems 101
5.2 Microcosms and Mesocosms 105
6 Summary 106
Appendix 1: Chemical Structures of Organic Chemicals and PAHs (Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons) 108
Appendix 2: Chemical Structures of Organochlorine Pesticides and Related Compounds 109
Appendix 3: Chemical Structures of Organophosphorus Pesticides 110
Appendix 4: Chemical Structures of Acid, Ester, and Amide Pesticides and Related Compounds 111
Appendix 5: Chemical Structures of Carbamate and Urea Pesticides and Related Compounds 111
Appendix 6: Chemical Structures of Miscellaneous Pesticides 112
References 112
Electron Transfer as a Potential Cause of Diacetyl Toxicity in Popcorn Lung Disease 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Diacetyl Toxicity 144
2.1 Electron Transfer 144
2.2 Metabolism 145
3 A Unifying Mechanism for Pulmonary Toxicity 145
4 Diacetyl: Evidence to Support an ET Mechanism of Action 145
5 Other Relevant -Dicarbonyls 149
5.1 Ethanol Metabolites 149
5.2 Bacterial Cell Signaling Agents 149
5.3 Other Toxins 151
5.4 Protein Derivatives 151
5.5 Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) 151
5.6 Other Bioactive -Dicarbonyls 152
6 Other Physiological Effects 153
7 Summary 154
References 155
Index 158