Biorefineries (eBook)

Ayhan Demirbas is a full professor at Sila Science and Energy, Turkey. He was a professor in Energy Technologies Science at Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey, between 1991 and 2001, and at Selcuk University, Turkey, from 2003 to 2007. His research is mainly concerned with renewable and sustainable energy.

Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Introduction 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Short Supply of Petroleum 12
1.3 Coal, Coal Liquefaction, and Refining 20
1.4 Natural Gas 25
1.5 Oil Shale and Tar Sands 29
1.6 Natural Bitumen and Extra- Heavy Oil 31
1.7 Introduction to Renewable and Biorenewable Sources 33
References 40
2 Fuels from Biomass 42
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 The Chemistry of Biomass 51
2.3 Biomass Conversion Processes 56
2.4 Chemicals from Biomass 59
2.5 Biofuels from Biomass 67
2.6 Barriers to the Development of Biofuels 79
References 80
3 Biorefinery 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Definitions of Biorefinery 86
3.3 The History of Biorefinery 89
3.4 Petroleum Refinery and Biorefinery 93
References 99
4 Transportation Fuels 101
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Gasoline or Petrol 102
4.3 Diesel Fuel 107
4.4 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 110
4.5 Compressed Natural Gas 111
4.6 Hydrogen 112
4.7 Biorenewable Liquid Fuels 113
4.8 Biorenewable Gaseous Fuels 117
References 120
5 Biomass Fractionation and Valorization 122
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Biomass Fractionation and Valorization Facilities 124
5.3 Physical Valorization Facilities of Biomass 128
5.4 Chemical Valorization Facilities of Biomass 132
5.5 Reuse of Wood Wastes for Energy Generation 134
5.6 Biochemical Valorization Facilities of Biomass 137
References 139
6 Thermochemical Processes 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Combustion of Biomass 144
6.3 Liquefaction Process 145
6.4 Pyrolysis Process 157
6.5 Gasification Process 181
References 195
7 Biochemical Processes 199
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Biochemical Conversion Facilities 200
7.3 Production of Fuels 200
7.4 Production of Chemicals 204
7.5 Upgrading of Biochemical Conversion Products 208
7.6 Refining of Biochemical Conversion Products 210
References 214
8 Biorefining Economy 216
8.1 Introduction 216
References 224
9.1 Introduction 226
9.2 Political Impacts 227
References 231
10.1 Introduction 232
10.2 Environmental Impacts 233
References 239
9 Political Impacts of Biorefinery 226
10 Environmental Impacts of Biorefineries 232
Index 241